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b. Designing Learning Outcomes: Explain how to design specific, observable,

and achievable learning outcomes that reflect the targeted language skills and
competencies.

a. Defining Learning Objectives:
When setting learning objectives, it is important to formulate clear and measurable

statements that align with the desired language proficiency level. Here are some

steps to guide the process:
1. Determine the language proficiency level: Identify the target proficiency level for

the learners, such as beginner, intermediate, or advanced. This will help establish
the starting point and the expected progress throughout the learning journey.

2. Identify the language skills and competencies: Determine the specific language

skills that learners should develop, such as reading, writing, listening, speaking,
grammar, or vocabulary. Consider the relevant sub-skills and competencies within

each area.
3. Use action verbs: Use action verbs to describe what learners should be able to do

to demonstrate their language proficiency. Examples of action verbs include
analyze, describe, compare, write, listen, speak, and apply. These verbs should

be specific and observable.

4. Make objectives measurable: Ensure that the learning objectives can be measured
or assessed to determine learners' progress and achievement. Use criteria such

as accuracy, fluency, comprehension, or task completion to provide a clear
benchmark for evaluation.

b. Designing Learning Outcomes:
Learning outcomes are specific statements that describe what learners will be able

to do after completing a language learning program or course. Here are some

guidelines for designing effective learning outcomes:
1. Be specific: Learning outcomes should clearly state what learners will be able to

do, using concrete and observable language. Avoid vague or general statements

and focus on specific language skills, tasks, or knowledge.