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‫ﴍور ﴍﻛﺎت اﻷدوﻳﺔ‬

(22) WikiLeaks cables: Pfizer ‘used dirty tricks to avoid clinical trial
payout’—Business—The Guardian [Internet]. [cited 2012 Feb 11]. Avail-
able from: http://www.guardian.co.uk/business/2010/dec/09/wikileaks-
cables-pfizer-nigeria.

(23) US embassy cable Monday 20 April 2009, 16:00, Abuja 000671
‘Pfizer reaches preliminary agreement for $75m settlement’ [cited 2012
Feb 11]. Available from: http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/us-embassy-
cables-documents/203205.

(24) WikiLeaks cables: Pfizer ‘used dirty tricks to avoid clinical trial
payout’—Business—The Guardian [Internet]. [cited 2012 Feb 11]. Avail-
able from: http://www.guardian.co.uk/business/2010/dec/09/wikileaks-
cables-pfizer-nigeria.

(25) Jonathan Kimmelman, Charles Weijer, and Eric M Meslin, ‘Helsinki
discords: FDA, ethics, and international drug trials,’ The Lancet 373,
no. 9657 (January 3, 2009): 13-14.

(26) Goodyear MDE, Lemmens T, Sprumont D, Tangwa G. Does the
FDA have the authority to trump the Declaration of Helsinki? BMJ. 2009
Apr 21;338(apr21 1):b1559-b1559.

‫ ﻋﺪم ﻛﻔﺎءة اﻟﺮﻗﺎﺑﺔ ﻋﲆ اﻷدوﻳﺔ‬:‫اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ‬

(1) Royal College of Physicians, London UK. INNOVATING FOR
HEALTH. Patients, physicians, the pharmaceutical industry and the NHS.
February 2009. Report of a Working Party.

(2) If you’re very confused about the European Medicines Agency, and
the UK MHRA, and how they relate to each other, it’s fairly simple. The
MHRA used to approve drugs, now the EMA do, but they farm out some
of the local work to the old national regulators, especially monitoring and
communication, as well as some of the approval stuff.

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