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          2   A → B                B ← A                        unhealthy dependence. People can become anxious if

             so                    is due to                    they do not check their devices at all times of the day
                                                                and night and this can cause insomnia and other kinds
             therefore             are the result of            of mental health problems.
             result in             owing to                     On the other hand, such devices can provide great
             because of this       was a consequence of         sources of information and entertainment during our
                                   since                        free time. It is, for example, valuable to have a mobile
                                                                device when travelling in a new area, to look up routes
          Useful language: adverbs of degree- cautious,         or to find interesting places to visit. They also greatly
          qualifying language                                   facilitate activities such as making arrangements to
          1  a  tend to                                         meet up with friends.
            b  In the main                                      On balance, I feel that rather than spoiling our health
            c  usually                                          or reducing enjoyment of our free time these devices
               These expressions are used because all these     actually enhance our lives.
            assertions are contentious or very difficult to prove
            and so the language needs to be cautious.           SPEAking PART 1
          2  Cruise holidays are popular, in the main, with older   Training
            tourists. / Cruise holidays are popular with older   Useful language: extending your answers
            tourists, in the main.
             Usually, the economy is strongly influenced by     1  Answers will vary
            consumer confidence.                                2  Possible answers
          3  a   Usually children attend school… / Children        1  I use a computer every day because I need it for
               usually attend school…                                 my work and I like to keep in touch with friends on
            b   In the main non-fiction titles are… / Non-fiction     social media.
               titles are in the main…                             2  I learned to use a computer at school when
            c  The weather in summer tends to be drier                I was six. We did some exercises on it as well as
                                                                      playing games.
            d  People usually like… / Usually people like…         3  I like watching action films rather than romantic

          Exam Practice                                               films, although some action films are too violent.
          Sample answer                                            4  I’d like to go to the cinema more often but I have a
          It is clear that large numbers of people spend a            lot of homework.
          considerable proportion of their leisure time looking at   5  I don’t like watching sport unless there is an
          their smart phones or similar gadgets. In my view there     international football match.
          are two major reasons for this. Firstly, so much of our   6  I’d like to try ice-skating but I am scared of falling
          lives is now managed through these devices and we           over.
          are expected to be in touch at all times. It is no longer
          acceptable to say that we are on holiday and cut off   3  Answers will vary
          from communication with the outside world. A related
          but separate point is that it is difficult to conduct our   SPEAking PART 2
          social lives without a mobile device. People travel much   Training
          more and their friends often live far away. Therefore,
          they actually need to conduct relationships online    Sample notes for Part 2
          rather than face to face and for this reason frequent use   –  jacket – sister’s wedding
          of a mobile device is considered essential.              –  bright colours – checked

          There are some worrying aspects to this growth in the    –  bought – department store with friend
          use of mobile devices, especially at times when people   –  week before wedding
          are supposed to be relaxing. Firstly, it is widely believed   –  feel good in it / nice memories
          that phone use can become addictive and lead to an
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