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P. 1

imvqb G·K¬zwmf mv‡Rkb
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 cøvRwgW + * cøvRwgW +* cøvRwgW * cøvRwgW + cøvRwgW + cøvRwgW  cøvRwgW + cøvRwgW +cøvRwgW + cøvRwgW +  cøvRwgW  cøvRwgW + cøvRwgW  +  cøvRwgW +* cøvRwgW + cøvRwgW +* cøvRwgW +* cøvRwgW +* cøvRwgW + cøvRwgW + cøvRwgW +* cøvRwgW +* cøvRwgW +* cøvRwgW +* cøvRwgW +* cøvRwgW + * cøvRwgW +*
 wdDg ûW e¨envi nqMvp H 2SO 4,HNO 3, HCl `ªeY
imvqb 1g jNy Ki‡Z|
 cvwbi ms¯ú‡k© R‡j I‡V Na, avZe nvBWªvBW, NaH,
¡

Aa¨vq-1 LiAlH 4.

j¨ve‡iUwi‡Z wbivc` e¨envi  `vn¨ I ¶wZKiB_vbj, †ebwRb, UjyBb|

 ¶qKvix KOH, NaOH, CH 3COOH,
msL¨vMZ Z_¨ (CH 3CO) 2O, H 2SO 4.
 `vn¨ I welv³-CH 3CN, Br 2, CHCl 3, ‡K¬v‡iv‡dbj,
 Møvm mvgMÖx ‡a․ZKi‡b 10% Na 2CO 3 Gi jNy `ªeY|
bvB‡UªvA¨vwbwjb|
 wWUvi‡R›U †WKb 90 100% AbyRxe Øviv fv½b‡hvM¨|
 ¶qKvix I welv³Av‡m©wbK A·vBW|
 Z¡‡K GwmW jvM‡j 5% NaHCO 3 jvMv‡Z nq|
Dcv`vb
 Z¡‡K ÿvi jvM‡j  5% / 7% H 3BO 3 jvMv‡Z nq|  cvB‡i·Møvm  wRsK I †ewiqvg †ev‡ivwmwj‡KUm/
0
 ‡µvwgK GwmW wgkªY cÖ¯‧Z Ki‡Z ZvcgvÎv 70-80 C| A¨vjywgwbqvg wmwj‡KUm wgkªY|
 ivmvqwbK wbw³‡Z cwigvc Kiv nq 0.01-0.0001g|  ‡Kvgj M¨vm/Soft Møvm‡mvwWqvg I K¨vjwmqvg wmwj‡KUm
 cj-eyw½ e¨v‡j‡Ý mgš^qKvix µz 2wU, Qzwii djK 3wU wgkªY|
 5mg ivBWvi e¨envi Ki‡j ivBWvi aªæeK=0.1mg  ‡µvwgK GwmW K 2Cr 2O 7 + Mvp H 2SO 4 + cvwZZ cvwb
 10mg ivBWvi e¨envi Ki‡j ivBWvi aªæeK=0.2mg (wK¬wRs wg·Pvi) (4g) (2M,40mL) (40mL)
 ‡mwg ‡gvjvi=0.5M  ivRA¤ø 1mol HNO 3 + 3mol HCl.
 ‡Wwm †gvjvi=0.1M  wK¬wbs wgkªY-Mvp H 2SO 4 + K 2Cr 2O 7 Gi m¤ú„³ `ªeY|
 ‡mw÷ †gvjvi=0.01M Example
 wgwj †gvjvi=0.001M  cwi‡ek evÜe cPb‡hvM¨ MøvfmbvBUªvBj ivevi Møvfm|
 2- wWwRUvj e¨v‡jÝ Øviv cwigvc Kiv hvq 0.01g chšÍ|  ‡QvULv‡Uv R¡jšÍ e¯‧ wb‡q Kv‡Ri mgq e¨eüZ nqwR‡U·
©
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 4- wWwRUvj e¨v‡jÝ Øviv cwigvc Kiv hvq0.0001g chšÍ| Møvfm|
3
 ey¨‡iU Gi ¶z`ªZg fv‡Mi AvqZb0.1cm  Pvgovq ¶q I R¡vjv m„wóKvix c`v‡_©i weiæ‡×jv‡U·
3
 Kwb‡Kj d¬v‡¯‥i AvqZb250cm  cøvRwgW + * cøvRwgW +* cøvRwgW + * cøvRwgW + cøvRwgW + cøvRwgW + cøvRwgW + cøvRwgW +cøvRwgW + cøvRwgW +  cøvRwgW  cøvRwgW + cøvRwgW +  cøvRwgW +* cøvRwgW +* cøvRwgW +* cøvRwgW +* cøvRwgW +* cøvRwgW +* cøvRwgW + cøvRwgW +* cøvRwgW +* cøvRwgW +* cøvRwgW +* cøvRwgW +* cøvRwgW +* cøvRwgW + Møvfm|  cøvRwgW + * cøvRwgW +* cøvRwgW + * cøvRwgW + cøvRwgW + cøvRwgW + cøvRwgW + cøvRwgW +
 Iqvk †evZ‡j euvKv‡bv b‡ji cwigvc 45 0  g„`y ¶qKvix I Z¡‡K weiw³Ki Abyf~wZ m„wóKvix c`v‡_©i
0
 Aby¾j wkLvi ZvcgvÎv1600 C. weiæ‡× wfbvBj Møvfm|
0
„
 A¨vwbwjb cÖ¯‧wZ‡Z d¬v¯‥ Gi Zvc w`‡Z nq100 C  ‡Zj RvZxq c`v_©, g`y ¶qKviK, •Re `ªveK Gi
0
 ewnt¯
RviY wkLvi ZvcgvÎv1570 C weiæ‡×wbIwcÖb Møvfm|
 Na avZz bó Ki‡Z e¨eüZ nqweDUvbj, wg_vbj,  ‣e`y¨wZK kK cÖwZ‡iva-cÖvK…wZK ivevi Møvfm|
B_vbj|  Soft Møv‡mi •ZwiKvPbj, weKvi, IqvP-Møvm,
 Ae¨eüZ LiAlH 4 †K bó Ki‡Z  Na 2SO 4(aq), dv‡bj,weKviK †evZj, wjweM kxZK|
MgSO 4(aq)  cvB‡i· Møv‡mi •ZwiKwb‡Kj d¬v¯‥, wc‡cU, ey¨‡iU,
 cwiZ¨³ GwmW cÖkwgZ K‡i Na 2CO 3, Pz‡bi ¸uov| †gRvwis wmwjÛvi, †gRvwis d¬v¯‥/AvqZwbK d¬v·|
©
 cwiZ¨³ ¶vi cÖkwgZ K‡i- NaHSO 4  cÖvBgvix ó¨vÛvW© c`v_-Abv`ª© Na 2CO 3, A·vwjK GwmW,
 mœvqyZš¿,wKWbx I cÖRbbZ‡š¿ †ivM m„wó K 2Cr 2O 7
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
3
K‡iPb 2  , Hg 2  , Cd 2  , Cr .  ‡m‡KÛvwi ÷¨vÛvW© c`v_KwóK†mvWv, HCl, H 2 SO 4 ,
KMnO 4
 GbRvB‡gi Kvh©¶gZv webó K‡i Pb 2 , Hg 2 , Cd 2 .
 ¶wZKi M¨vm-CO 2, NH 3, NO 2, H 2S, SO 2.
 A¤øag©x M¨vmNO 2,CO 2,SO 2,HCl  Avw½K we‡kølYA‣Re je‡Yi K¨vUvqb I A¨vbqb kbv³|
 ‡µvgv‡UvMÖvwd‡Z HPLC, GPLC.  AvqZwbK we‡kølYA¤ø-¶vi UªvB‡Uªkb, wiW· UvB‡Uªkb|
 ‡¯úK‡Uªv‡gwUª‡ZIR,UV-Vis,NMR,Fluorescence,  AvqZwbK we‡køl‡Yi UvB‡Uªkb NUv‡bv nqKwb‡Kj d¬v·|
Mass Spectrun.  A‣Re M¨vm HCl, SO 2
 _v‡g©v A¨vbvjvBwm‡m DSC  ivmvqwbK c`v_© ï®‥Ki‡Yi Rb¨ e¨eüZ nq‡Wwm‡KUi,
 cvigvbweK †kvlY eY©vwj‡Z AAS. f¨vKqvg|
z
 X-ray e¨wZPvi h‡š  X-ray diffraction.  ¶qKvix `ªe¨Mvp H 2SO 4,HNO 3, ‡µvwgK GwmW|
¿
 ¶qKvix ¶vi-NaOH, KOH, NH 4OH.

 cøvRwgW + cøvRwgW + cøvRwgW + cøvRwgW + cøvRwgW + cøvRwgW + cøvRwgW + cøvRwgW + cøvRwgW + cøvRwgW + cøvRwgW + cøvRwgW + cøvRwgW + cøvRwgW + cøvRwgW + cøvRwgW + cøvRwgW + cøvRwgW + cøvRwgW +*

cøvRwgW -5

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