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Grammar Reference

M i\+ \ Negative
I am ('m) not playing
1.1 Present Simple he/she/it is not (isn't) playing
we/you/they are not (aren't) playing
Affirmative Questions
I l/we/you/they play Am I playing?
;| he/she/it plays Is he/she/it playing?
Are we/you/they playing?
Negative
Short Answers
B pve/you/they don't play Yes, he/she/it is. No, he/she/it isn't.
No, I'm not.
Yes, I am.
he/she/it doesn't play
Yes, we/you/they are. No, we/you/they aren't.
Questions
Do l/we/you/they play? Spelling: make -» making, swim —► swimming,
Does he/she/it play?
study -» studying
Short Answers We use the Present Continuous for
• actions that are in progress at or around the time of
Yes, l/we/you/they do. No, l/we/you/they don't. speaking.
Yes, he/she/it does. No, he/she/it doesn't.
W e're watching a DVD about elephants.
• actions that are temporary.
We use the Present Simple for My cousin is staying with us this weekend.
facts or general truths. • situations that are changing or developing in the present.
My grandmother speaks five languages. Family members are living further and further away
routines or habits (often with adverbs of frequency). from each other.
My sister always plays volleyball at the weekend. • an annoying habit (often with always, continually,
permanent states. constantly and forever).
We live in Sevenoaks. My brother is forever complaining about his homework.
timetabled events in the future. • plans and arrangements for the future.
The film starts at 8 o'clock in the evening. W e're visiting my aunt this Saturday.
Note: Some common time expressions that are often Note: Some common time expressions that are often used
used with the Present Simple are every day/week/m onth/ with the Present Continuous are at the moment, now, for
summer, every other day, once a week, twice a month, the time being, this morning/afternoon/evening/week/
at the weekend, in January, in the m orning/afternoon/ month/year, today, etc.
evening, at night, on Tuesdays, on Friday mornings, etc. Jenny is getting married in December.
Jane visits her mother twice a week.
1.4 Stative Verbs
1.2 Adverbs of frequency
Some verbs are not usually used in continuous tenses. They
We use adverbs of frequency to say how often something
are called stative because they describe states and not
lappens. They come before the main verb, but after the
actions. To talk about the present, we use these verbs in
verb be.
the Present Simple tense. The most common of these are:
Jeremy is often tired in the morning.
• verbs of emotion: hate, like, love, need, prefer, want.
Susan rarely argues with her brother.
Jane loves her new house.
Mum always makes our birthday cakes.
• verbs of senses: feel, hear, see, smell, sound, taste.
Some common adverbs of frequency are: This soup tastes delicious.
always (most often)
• verbs which express a state of mind: believe, doubt,
usually
forget, imagine, know, remember, seem, suppose,
often
think, understand.
sometimes I think that's a great idea!
rarely/hardly ever/seldom • verbs of possession: belong to, have, own, possess.
never (least often) This flat belongs to my aunt.
• other verbs: be, consist, contain, cost, include, mean.
1.3 Present Continuous Those curtains cost a fortune.
Some verbs can be both stative verbs and action verbs, but
Affirmative
with a different meaning. The most common of these verbs are:
I am ('m) playing • be
he/she/it is ('s) playing
we/you/they are ('re) playing John is very honest, (usual behaviour)
Ken is being very rude, (at the moment; not his normal
behaviour)
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