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principle for LAA. Based on the principle of carrier aggregation, the LAA designs aim to combine the best of the
licensed and unlicensed band opportunities while reducing operators’ operating costs

5.3 IoT and Smart Cities Technologies

5.3.1 Alternative Unlicensed Access Technologies

The unlicensed access technologies addressing IoT are divided here based on their typical transmission range,
from short range to medium range and long range technologies.
1) Short Range
The wireless access technologies in this category have traditionally been used for Personal Area Networks
(PANs). However, mesh capability has enabled them to expand their coverage area significantly by multi-
hopping. Growth in this category is reported as being driven by consumer electronics, home automation, smart
city and smart buildings.
IEEE 802.15.4
IEEE 802.15.4 is the MAC and PHY standard operating primarily in 2.4.GHz ISM band, targeted for low power
and low rate PAN applications. It is the basis for ZigBee, and hhread specifications, among others; these
specifications specify the upper layer functionalities.
Bluetooth

Another low rate PAN technology operating in 2.4GHz ISM band is Bluetooth. While traditionally it has been
used for audio applications, Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) has been introduced to expand into IOT applications
including healthcare and home entertainment. To further improve the applicability and use of Bluetooth
technology, the Bluetooth SIG is in process of definition of a long range version of Bluetooth as well as
enabling Bluetooth mesh.
Zwave

Designed to provide reliable, low latency, and low data rate communication, Zwave’s target application is
home automation. It operates in sub 1GHz ISM band. Similar to the previously listed PAN technologies, Zwave
can also be used to cover a larger area by use of mesh.

IEEE 802.11ad (WiGig)
Operating in 60GHz ISM band WiGig enables communication at very high data rates. Given that the 60GHz
signal typically cannot penetrate through walls, the WiGig network is confined to a room. The large channel
bandwidth of WiGig enables delivery of signals at a very low latency, making it a good candidate for mission
critical industrial applications.

2) Medium Range
Wi-Fi is the only medium range wireless technology capable of providing single hop connectivity in a local
Area Network (LAN). Other technologies like Wi-Fi HaLow and 802.11p provides narrowband connectivity to IoT
applications based on 802.11 spectrum bands.
Wi-Fi

The traditional Wi-Fi operates in 2.4GHz and 5GHz ISM bands and comes in two flavours of Infrastructure Wi-Fi
where devices connect to the Access Points (APs) primarily for accessing the internet and Wi-Fi Direct which
enables peer-to-peer communication among devices without need of an AP.

Report title: Connected City Blueprint
19 Issue Date: 15 December 2016 Wireless Broadband Alliance Confidential & Proprietary.
Copyright © 2016 Wireless Broadband Alliance
Document Version: 1.0