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5.1 Technology Landscape

The map below shows an overall positioning of the different wireless technologies divided into wireless broadband
technologies and IoT and Smart City technologies both from a perspective of unlicensed and licensed spectrums.

Figure 4. Wireless Broadband and IoT Access Technologies
5.2 Wireless Broadband Technologies

5.2.1 Wireless Broadband Technologies

Wi-Fi
The traditional Wi-Fi operates in 2.4GHz and 5GHz ISM bands and comes in two flavors of Infrastructure Wi-Fi
where devices connect to the Access Points (APs) primarily for accessing the Internet and Wi-Fi Direct which
enables peer-to-peer communication among devices without need of an AP.
LWA/LWIP
LTE-WLAN Aggregation (LWA) and LTE WLAN Radio Level Integration with IPsec Tunnel (LWIP) were developed
in Release 13 from 3GPP. These solutions use the 3GPP E-UTRAN as an anchor point where the WLAN is
connected to the eNB, thereby also eliminating any impacts on the Mobile Core Network. Furthermore, making
the offloading decisions at the access network can reduce signaling. It is assumed that an eNB is connected to
WLANs that are under its coverage as LTE connectivity is required for these solutions.

LWIP was designed to minimize the impact to legacy WLAN while LWA is based on Dual Connectivity split-
bearer solution for proven substantial performance gains compared to other LTE/WLAN integration solutions.

Report title: Connected City Blueprint
17 Issue Date: 15 December 2016 Wireless Broadband Alliance Confidential & Proprietary.
Copyright © 2016 Wireless Broadband Alliance
Document Version: 1.0