Page 108 - Transformasi Masyarakat Indonesia dan Historiografi Indonesia Modern

Transformasi Masyarakat Indonesia...

the new challenge of rapid population increase and the devel-
opment of human resources. One of the significant demographic
features in this connection is the changing age structure, which
has been accompanied by a population characterized by low
levels of education attainment. Therefore many Indonesians only
have access to low quality jobs and there is a high rate of un-
employment. All in all, then, the present economic crisis re-
quires a great effort on the part of Indonesia to face the chal-
lenges of the next century, particularly in preparing its human
resources to accommodate to the demands of a more open and
competitive global economy.
It is worth noting that, from observations regarding the
Indonesian population carried out by demographers, the popu-
st
lation profile of Indonesia in the 21 Century shows that the
Indonesian government will have successfully controlled popu-
lation growth as is shown by the table below.

Table 1. Demographic Indicators of Indonesia: 1993 – 2003

1993 1998 2000
Total Population (000) 189,136 204,423 219,380
Growth Rate (%) 1.66 1.51 1.3
Total Fertility Rate 2.87 2.60 2.21
Crude Birth Rate 24.5 22.5 20.9
Crude Mortality Rate 7.9 7.5 7.2
Infant Mortality Rate 58 50 43
Life Expancy 62.7 64.6 67.9

Sources: BPS (1993, in Wilopo (1996), adopted from Agus Dwiyanto in
Gavin W. Jones and Terence H. Hull (eds.), 1997, p.293.
However, this success in reducing fertility and infant mor-
tality rates will certainly create new challenges and problems,
such as the growing number of elderly people, the bigger pro-
portion of the work force and shift in values toward nuclear
families. These new demographic phenomena are, of course,
new challenge in the immediate future. Moreover, another is-

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