Page 172 - Environment: The Science Behind the Stories

tsunami boost GDP because of all the costs incurred in
emergency measures and cleanup and rebuilding operations.
War can augment GDP because of the economic activity
involved in manufacturing weapons and servicing armies.
Pollution causes GDP to increase when the polluting sub-
stance is manufactured and again when society pays to clean
up the pollution.
Some economists have tried to develop indicators that
differentiate between desirable and undesirable economic
activity and that can function as better guides to citizens’
well-being. One such alternative to the GDP is the Genu-
ine Progress Indicator (GPI). To calculate GPI, economists
begin with conventional economic activity and add to it
positive contributions that are not paid for with money, such
as volunteer work and parenting. They then subtract nega-
tive impacts, such as crime and pollution (FIguRE 6.17a). The
resulting GPI thereby considers more activities than does
the GDP, and it includes only those that enhance societal
FIguRE 6.16 The Exxon Valdez oil spill, which devastated
Alaskan beaches and fisheries in 1989, actually increased well-being.
the nation’s GDP. The many monetary transactions resulting from The two indices can differ strikingly: FIguRE 6.17b com-
cleanup efforts mean that pollution increases GDP—one of many pares per capita GPI and per capita GDP for the United
reasons GDP is not a reliable indicator of well-being. States from 1950 to 2004. On a per-person basis, the
nation’s GDP rose greatly, but its GPI remained flat for
of goods and services. Natural disasters such as Hurricane 30 years. This difference suggests that U.S. citizens are
Sandy, Hurricane Katrina, or Japan’s 2011 earthquake and spending more and more money but that their quality of life
is not getting better.

13
12
11 Environmental

10 Benefits ignored costs
by GDP $4.0 trillion 40,000
9 $4.7 trillion
35,000
Social costs
Trillions of dollars 7 Economic costs 30,000 Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
8
$0.9 trillion
25,000
6
$3.0 trillion
5
4 GDP Year-2000 dollars per capita 20,000
15,000
$7.6 trillion
3 GPI 10,000
$4.4 Genuine Progress Indicator (GPI) CHAPTER 6 • Ethi C s, E C ono mi C s, A nd s ustA in A bl E dE v E lopm E nt
2
trillion 5000
1
0
0 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
(a) Components of GPI (b) Change in U.S. GDP vs. GPI

FIguRE 6.17 Full cost accounting indicators such as the GPI attempt to measure progress and well-
being more effectively than pure economic indicators such as the GDP. We see in (a) how the Genuine
Progress Indicator (orange bar at right) adds to the Gross Domestic Product (red bar at left) benefits such
as volunteering and parenting (upward-pointing gold arrow). The GPI then subtracts external environmental
costs such as pollution, social costs such as divorce and crime, and economic costs such as borrowing and
the gap between rich and poor (downward-pointing gold arrow). Shown are values for the United States in
2004. We see in (b) that per capita U.S. GDP has increased dramatically since 1950, yet per capita U.S. GPI
leveled off after 1975. GPI advocates say this indicates that we are spending more money but that our lives
are not much better. Data from Talberth, J., C. Cobb, and N. Slattery, 2007. The Genuine Progress Indicator 2006: A tool for
sustainable development. Redefining Progress, Oakland, CA. By permission of John Talberth, Ph.D. All data are adjusted for inflation
by using year-2000 dollars. 171

M06_WITH7428_05_SE_C06.indd 171 12/12/14 2:57 PM