Page 352 - Environment: The Science Behind the Stories

Recognize types of parks and protected areas and • Debt-for-nature swaps provide industrializing nations an
evaluate issues involved in their design economic incentive for land preservation. (p. 345)

• Public demand for preservation and recreation led to the • Because habitat fragmentation affects wildlife, conserva-
creation of parks, reserves, and wilderness areas. (pp. 341–343) tion biologists are using island biogeography theory to
learn how best to design systems of parks and reserves.
• Opposition to land preservation policies stems from several
sources. (pp. 343–344) (pp. 345–349)
• Climate change is posing new threats to protected areas.
• States, municipalities, and private land trusts all manage pro-
tected areas at the state, regional, and local levels. (p. 344) (p. 350)
• Biosphere reserves are one of several types of international
protected lands. (pp. 344–345)

Testing Your Comprehension

1. Name at least two reasons why natural primary forests 6. What is a sustainable forest certification? How does it
contain more biodiversity than single-species forestry help in the conservation of forest resources?
plantations. 7. Are forest fires a bad thing? Explain your answer.
2. Describe three ecosystem services that forests provide. 8. Name at least four reasons that people have created parks
3. What is the importance of fire in ecosystem manage- and reserves. How do national parks differ from national
ment? wildlife refuges? What is a wilderness area?
4. Compare and contrast maximum sustainable yield, 9. What does a biosphere reserve, as designated by
ecosystem-based management, and adaptive manage- UNESCO, consist of? What do you think is the primary
ment. How may pursuing maximum sustainable yield reason for having multiple zones in a single protected area?
sometimes affect populations and communities? 10. Give two examples of how forest fragmentation affects
5. Compare and contrast the major methods of timber har- animals. How does island biogeography theory help us
vesting. Name an advantage and a disadvantage of each design reserves?
method.

Seeking Solutions

1. People in industrialized nations are fond of warning peo- would you design a protected area for it? Would you use
ple in industrializing nations to stop destroying rainfor- corridors? Would you include a diversity of elevations?
est. People of industrializing nations often respond that Would you design few large reserves or many small ones?
this is hypocritical, because the industrialized nations Explain your answers.
became wealthy by deforesting their land and exploit- 5. THINK IT THROUGH You have just become the supervi- CHAPTER 12 • FOREST S, FOREST MAN A GEMENT, AND PR O TECTED AREAS
ing its resources in the past. What would you say to the sor of a national forest. Timber companies are requesting
president of an industrializing nation, such as Indonesia to cut as many trees as you will let them, and environ-
or Brazil, in which a great deal of forest is being cleared?
mentalists want no logging at all. Ten percent of your for-
2. Do you think maximum sustainable yield represents an est is old-growth primary forest, and the remaining 90%
appropriate policy for resource managers to follow? Why is secondary forest. Your forest managers are split among
or why not? preferring maximum sustainable yield, ecosystem-based
3. What might you tell an opponent of parks and preserves to management, and adaptive management. What manage-
help him or her understand why a wilderness hiker wants ment approach(es) will you take? Will you allow logging
scenic land in Utah federally protected? What might you of all old-growth trees, some, or none? Will you allow
tell a wilderness hiker to help him or her understand why logging of secondary forest? If so, what harvesting strat-
the park opponent disapproves of the protection? How egies will you encourage? What would you ask your sci-
might you help them find common ground? entists before deciding on policies on fire management
4. Given the impacts that climate change may have on spe- and salvage logging?
cies’ ranges, if you were trying to preserve an endangered 6. THINK IT THROUGH You run a major nonprofit envi-
mammal that occurs in a small area and you had generous ronmental advocacy organization and are trying to save
funding to acquire land to help restore its population, how an ecologically priceless tract of tropical forest in a poor 351

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