Page 645 - Environment: The Science Behind the Stories

illegally dump waste, creating health risks for residents and
financial headaches for local governments forced to deal with
the mess (FIGURE 22.20).
Because proper disposal is expensive, companies from
industrialized nations often find it cheaper to pay cash-
strapped developing nations to take the waste—or cheaper
still, to dump it illegally. In nations with lax environmental
and health regulations, workers and residents are often unin-
formed of or unprotected from the health dangers of this
waste. This global environmental justice issue (pp. 158–159)
occurs despite the Basel Convention, an international treaty
to limit such practices. For instance, in 2006 Dutch authori-
ties informed the owners of a ship carrying toxic waste that
the Netherlands would charge them money to dispose of the
waste in Amsterdam. So the ship instead traveled to Africa
and secretly dumped its waste in Abidjan, the capital of the
Ivory Coast. The waste caused several deaths and thousands
of illnesses in Abidjan, and street protests forced the gov-
ernment to resign over the scandal. Because of the difficulty
of tracking deliveries in the international shipping industry,
the responsible parties were never brought to justice.
High costs of disposal, however, have also encour-
aged conscientious businesses to invest in reducing their
FIGURE 22.19 Many communities designate collection sites hazardous waste. Many biologically hazardous materials
or collection days for household hazardous waste. Here, can be broken down by incineration at high temperatures
workers handle waste from a collection event near Los Angeles. in cement kilns. Others can be treated by exposure to
bacteria that break down harmful components and syn-
thesize them into new compounds. Additionally, various
Several steps precede the disposal plants have been bred or engineered to take up specific
of hazardous waste contaminants from soil and break down organic contami-
nants into safer compounds or concentrate heavy metals
For many years we discarded hazardous waste without spe- in their tissues. The plants are eventually harvested and
cial treatment. In many cases, people did not know that disposed of.
certain substances were harmful to human health. In other
cases, it was assumed that the substances would disappear
or be sufficiently diluted in the environment. The resurfacing FIGURE 22.20 Unscrupulous individuals or businesses
of toxic chemicals in the 1970s in a residential area at Love sometimes dump hazardous waste illegally to avoid
Canal (p. 645) in upstate New York, years after their burial, disposal costs.
convinced the public that hazardous waste deserves special
attention and treatment.
Many communities now designate sites or special col-
lection days to gather household hazardous waste, or des-
ignate facilities for the exchange and reuse of substances
(FIGURE 22.19). Once consolidated, the waste is transported
for treatment and disposal.
Under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act,
the EPA sets standards by which states manage hazard-
ous waste. The Act also requires large generators of haz-
ardous waste to obtain permits. Finally, it mandates that
hazardous materials be tracked “from cradle to grave.” As
hazardous waste is generated, transported, and disposed
of, the producer, carrier, and disposal facility must each
report to the EPA the type and amount of material gener-
ated; its location, origin, and destination; and the way it is
handled. This process is intended to prevent illegal dump-
ing and to encourage the use of reputable waste carriers
and disposal facilities.
Because current U.S. law makes disposing of hazard-
644 ous waste quite costly, irresponsible companies sometimes

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