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Figure 2.18

Solution:

Let us bring points B and C together. Then we get the same circuit of Fig.
2.18 modified as has been shown in Fig. 2.19. The successive reduction of

the circuit has been shown in steps in Fig. 2.19 (a), (b), (c), and (d).

Figure 2.19

2.5 KIRCHHOFF’S LAWS

Two laws given by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff (1824–1887) are very useful in
writing network equations. These laws are known as Kirchhoff’s current law

(KCL) and Kirchhoff’s voltage law (KVL). These laws do not depend upon,
whether the circuit is made of resistance, inductance or capacitance, or a

combination of them.