Page 13 - Fiber Optic Communications Fund

xii Contents

9 Channel Multiplexing Techniques 389
9.1 Introduction 389
9.2 Polarization-Division Multiplexing 389
9.3 Wavelength-Division Multiplexing 391
9.3.1 WDM Components 394
9.3.2 WDM Experiments 401
9.4 OFDM 402
9.4.1 OFDM Principle 402
9.4.2 Optical OFDM Transmitter 406
9.4.3 Optical OFDM Receiver 407
9.4.4 Optical OFDM Experiments 408
9.5 Time-Division Multiplexing 409
9.5.1 Multiplexing 409
9.5.2 Demultiplexing 410
9.5.3 OTDM Experiments 412
9.6 Additional Examples 413
Exercises 415
References 416

10 Nonlinear Effects in Fibers 419
10.1 Introduction 419
10.2 Origin of Linear and Nonlinear Refractive Indices 419
10.2.1 Absorption and Amplification 423
10.2.2 Nonlinear Susceptibility 424
10.3 Fiber Dispersion 426
10.4 Nonlinear Schrödinger Equation 428
10.5 Self-Phase Modulation 430
10.6 Combined Effect of Dispersion and SPM 433
10.7 Interchannel Nonlinear Effects 437
10.7.1 Cross-Phase Modulation 438
10.7.2 Four-Wave Mixing 448
10.8 Intrachannel Nonlinear Impairments 454
10.8.1 Intrachannel Cross-Phase Modulation 454
10.8.2 Intrachannel Four-Wave Mixing 455
10.8.3 Intra- versus Interchannel Nonlinear Effects 457
10.9 Theory of Intrachannel Nonlinear Effects 457
10.9.1 Variance Calculations 463
10.9.2 Numerical Simulations 466
10.10 Nonlinear Phase Noise 471
10.10.1 Linear Phase Noise 471
10.10.2 Gordon–Mollenauer Phase Noise 474
10.11 Stimulated Raman Scattering 478
10.11.1 Time Domain Description 481
10.12 Additional Examples 483
Exercises 491
Further Reading 493
References 493