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2010, (Yogyakarta: CRCS UGM); Rizal Panggabean and Ihsan Ali-Fauzi 2014, 43. Ichwan 2005, “Ulama, State and Politics”, p. 48.
Pemolisian Konflik Keagamaan di Indonesia, (Jakarta: PUSAD Paramadina,
MPRK UGM and The Asia Foundation). 44. Ichwan 2005, “Ulama, State and Politics”, p. 48.

22. Panggabean and Ali-Fauzi 2014, Pemolisian Konflik. 45. Majelis Ulama Indonesia (MUI) 2013, being accessed on February 20, 2013 from
http://www.mui.or.id
23. See Mudzhar 2013, “Lingkungan dan Peran Strategis FKUB” and also Taher 1997,
Aspiring for the Middle Path. 46. Ichwan 2005, “Ulama, State and Politics”, p. 48.
24. Bagir et.al. 2011, Laporan Tahunan, p. 47. 47. Donald J. Porter 2002, Managing Politics and Islam in Indonesia, (London:
RoutledgeCurzon), p. 76.
25. See Mudzhar 2010, “Pengaturan Kebebasan Beragama dan Penodaan Agama
di Indonesia dan Berbagai Negara”, a paper on the study of the Constitution 48. M.B. Hooker 2003, Indonesian Islam: Social Change through Contemporary
Council decreeno. 140 dated April 19, 2010 on the judicial review of the law no.1/ Fatawa, (Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press), p. 60.
PNPS/1965, the Ministry of Law and Human Rights. See also Bagir etal. 2011, 49. Martin van Bruinessen 1990, “Indonesia’s ulama and politics: caught between
Laporan Tahunan. legitimising the status quo and searching for alternatives”, Prisma - The Indonesian
26. Bagir etal. 2011, Laporan Tahunan. Indicator, No. 49.

27. Mudzhar (2010), “Pengaturan Kebebasan Beragama”. 50. See Mun’im Sirry 2013, “Fatwas and Their Controversy: The Case of the Council
of Indonesian Ulama (MUI)”, Journal of Southeast Asian Studies, vol. 44, no. 1.
28. Noer 1980, Gerakan Modern Islam, p. 194. See also Ichwan 2005, ‘Ulama, State and Politics’.

29. Azra and Jamhari 2006, “Pendidikan Islam Indonesia dan Tantangan Globalisasi: 51. Ichwan 2005, “Ulama, State and Politics”, p. 51; Sirry 2013, “Fatwas and Their
Perspektif Sosio-Historis”, in Jajat Burhanuddin and Dina Afrianty, Mencetak Controversy”, p. 102.
Muslim Modern: Peta Pendidikan Islam Indonesia, (Jakarta: RajaGrafindo
Persada), p. 2. 52. Sirry 2013, “Fatwas and Their Controversy”, pp. 104-105.

30. Azra and Jamhari 2006, “Pendidikan Islam Indonesia”, p. 3. 53. Ichwan 2005, “Ulama, State and Politics”, p. 51.
31. Azra and Jamhari 2006, “Pendidikan Islam Indonesia”, p. 5. 54. Bruinessen 1990, “Indonesia’s ulama and politics”.

32. Suminto 1985, Politik Islam, pp. 29-30. 55. Tim Lindsey 2012, “Monopolising Islam: The Indonesian Ulama Council and State
Regulation of the ‘Islamic Economy”, Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies, vol.
33. Suminto 1985, Politik Islam. 48, No. 2: 264.

34. Muhammad Daud Ali 1991, “Hukum Islam: Peradilan dan Masalahnya”, in Tjun 56. Lindsey 2012, “Monopolising Islam”, p. 264.
Surjaman (ed.), Hukum Islam di Indonesia: Pemikiran dan Praktek, (Bandung:
Remaja Rosdakarya), p. 75. 57. Lindsey 2012, “Monopolising Islam”, p. 265.
35. Jaenal Arifin 2008, Peradilan Agama dalam Bingkai Reformasi Hukum di 58. Ichwan 2005, “Ulama, State and Politics”, pp. 49-50.
Indonesia, (Jakarta: Prenada Media), pp. 14-15.
59. Saiful Mujani 2007, Muslim Demokrat: Islam, Budaya Demokrasi, dan Partisipasi
36. Noer 1980, Gerakan Modern Islam. See also Suminto 1985, Politik Islam. Politik di Indonesia Pasca Orde Baru, (Jakarta: PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama). See
also Haedar Nashir 2007, Gerakan Islam Syariat: Reproduksi Salafiyah Ideologis
37. Suminto 1985, Politik Islam. di Indonesia, (Jakarta: PSAP Muhammadiyah) and B. Platzdach 2011, “Religious
freedom in Indonesia: the case of the Ahmadiyah”, ISEAS Working Paper: Politics
38.M.C. Ricklefs 2008, Sejarah Indonesia Modern 1200-2008, (Jakarta: Serambi), p.
615-617. and Security Series, no. 2: 1-38.
60. Jamhari and Jajang Jahroni 2004, Gerakan Salafi Radikal di Indonesia, (Jakarta:
39. Mochammad Nur Ichwan 2005, “Ulama, State and Politics: Majelis Ulama
Indonesia after Suharto”, Islamic Law and Society, vol. 21, no. 1: 47; Ricklefs 2008, PT RajaGrafindo Persada).
Sejarah Indonesia Modern, p. 616. 61. Komaruddin Hidayat 2005, “Contemporary Liberal Islam in Indonesia, Pluralism

40. Ricklefs 2008, Sejarah Indonesia Modern, p. 617. and the Secular State”, in Chaider S. Bamualim (ed.), A Portrait of Contemporary
Indonesian Islam, (Jakarta: Pusat Bahasa dan Budaya UIN Jakarta and Konard-
41. Ricklefs 2008, Sejarah Indonesia Modern, h 617. Adenauer-Stiftung).

42. Ichwan 2005, “Ulama, State and Politics”, p. 47. 62. Luthfi Assyaukanie 2009, “Fatwa and Violence in Indonesia”, Journal of Religion
and Society, vol. 11, p. 1-21. See also Muhamad Ali 2005, “The Rise of the Liberal

440 Indonesian Islamic Culture in Historical Perspectives Indonesian Islamic Culture in Historical Perspectives 441