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more often in neighbourhoods with more bars and higher population densities, while non-

alcohol-related pedestrian crashes were higher in urban areas with higher intersection
densities, lower incomes, and more younger and older people. In a recent study, Pirdavani et

al. (2016) investigated the differences in the socioeconomic and sociodemographic
characteristics of neighbourhood on-road crashes and found that higher income and higher

rates of car ownership were associated with fewer casualties to male road users.

Similarly, several studies have examined the influence of the socioeconomic characteristics
of residential locations on traffic injuries (Abdalla et al., 1997; Graham et al., 2005; Licaj et

al., 2011). For example, Abdalla et al. (1997) found that the proportion of road accident

casualties among the residents of the 15% most deprived areas was higher than the proportion
of the 15% most affluent areas in the Lothian region of Scotland. Licaj et al. (2011) examined

the road trauma registry in Rhone, France, for residents under 25 years old, and found that the
incidence was higher for those living in economically-deprived areas.

2.6 Limitations of the Existing Literature

The existing literature has a number of limitations, including the limited number of studies

on reducing heavy-vehicle crash injury severity (Jung et al., 2014). In crash severity studies,
there are model types which have not been investigated in studies focusing on heavy-vehicle

crashes. Examples of those model types include binary logit and generalized ordered logit

models, as shown in Table 2.1. There have also been limited studies at vehicle and occupant
level using crash data to investigate the severity of injury of occupants in collisions involving

heavy vehicles. In addition, several potentially important variables, such as special road
facilities (e.g. bridges), the presence of police at the collision scene, road division markings,

type of intersection and number of people involved in collisions, are yet to be investigated.

In summary, our review of the existing literature has shown that few studies have focused on
single-vehicle collisions involving heavy vehicles or truck crashes in urban areas.

Furthermore, little research has been conducted on collisions involving heavy vehicles at

intersections and mid-blocks. Regarding heavy-vehicle collisions, no research has focused on
understanding the factors contributing to angle crashes. The review of the existing road safety

literature has shown that limited research has been conducted on the influence of
neighbourhood socio-demographic characteristics around crash locations and the

neighbourhoods where road users live. More specifically, no study to date has investigated
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