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Chapter 12

Kohlberg’s CMD

3.1 Kohlberg’s CMD

Level Explanation Stage

3: Post- conventional Individual develops more 3.2: Universal ethical
autonomous decision principles
making based on
principles of right and 3.1: Social contract and
justice. individual rights

2: Conventional Individual does what is 2.2: Social accord and
expected of them by system maintenance
others.
2.1: Interpersonal accord
and conformity

1: Pre- conventional Individual shows concern 1.2: Instrumental purpose
for self-interest and and exchange
external rewards and
punishments. 1.1: Obedience and
punishment

The three main levels are shown above.

 Each level is subdivided into two stages – giving six stages in total.

 Individuals tend to move from Level 1 to Level 3 as they get older.

 Movement is decided by how a decision is made, not what the decision is
about.

NB Research indicates that most people, including business managers, tend to
reason on Level 2.

Illustrations and further practice

Now try TYU question 2.

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