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of Papuan and Malay characteristics. This study shows just such an admixture. Although
the contribution of Asian genetic material in the Moluccas population is apparent, no link
between language and genetic factors appeared in the populations that we studied. Both
Austronesian-speaking and Papuan-speaking groups had admixed genetic material and no
genetic differentiation at all. Based on this finding, we conclude that neither the Adoption
model nor the Replacement model can explain this. The picture we observed was a highly
extensive Asian admixture process with various language replacements. This process
would have occurred sporadically and replacement only happened in several places such
as in the southern or eastern parts of Halmahera. Apparently, different languages do not
always represent a gene flow barrier in this area, a pattern which was also observed in
eastern Indonesia and in the Melanesia area.
Meanwhile in Papua, a place where all this time it was believed to only have been
inhabited by Papuan-speaking people, we found areas where genetic admixture had
occurred. Indeed, haplotype P and Q which are designated as Papuan mitochondrial
markers and haplotype C-M208, C-M38, and M-P14 as well as other haplotypes of Papuan
Y-chromosome markers are almost exclusively found in the Papuan highlands. However,
in coastal areas the presence of Papuan and Austronesian genetic admixture is also
found. The high percentage of Papuan mitochondrial and Y-chromosome genetic markers
composition was also found on the island of Alor. The admixture occurs throughout eastern
Indonesia and the Melanesia area, with differing percentages and we therefore conclude
that the other theories can presumably be ignored.

Conclusion
Our comprehensive research using mitochondrial DNA, which concerns the maternal
line, shows that Indonesian diversity is influenced by two significant migratory movements.
The latter, the arrival of people from mainland Asia with their agricultural technology had
been accelerated by the rise of sea levels and. Research on the Y-chromosome gives a
similar picture, but also produces a more complex, multifaceted picture of communities in
contact in various places in Indonesia.
In order to get a picture of the history of female migrations, we tried to integrate the
human migration which occurred around 50,000 years ago and contributed to Indonesian
genetic diversity. The approach was to analyze DNA of 2,740 individuals from 12 islands
where six of them were from western Indonesia and the rest were from East Nusa Tenggara

including Sumba, Flores, Lembata, Alor, Pantar, and Timor(Tumonggor et al., 2013). The

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