Page 144 - THE MELANESIA DIASPORA FILE CETAK ISI 10022017

Graph 5: Language Transmission Scale in Papua New Guinea
0 International
400 1 National
2 Provincial
30o 3 Widespread Communication
4 Education
2o0 5 Developing
6.a Strong
6.b Threatened
100 7 Shifting
8.a Dying
0 8.b Nearly Extinct
1 2 3 4 5 6a 6b 7 8a 8b 9 10 9 Fading
10 Extinct

The status of the languages of Papua New Guinea is as follows.
The total number of languages in Papua New Guinea is 851. Of these, 839 are living
languages. 43 of them are institutionalized languages, 303 developing languages, 347
strong languages, 108 weak languages, and 37 endangered languages. These endangered
languages consist of 16 moribund languages, 8a on the scale, namely, Ainbai [aic], Bilakura
[bql], Iteri [itr], Madi [grg], Mawak [mjj], Piame [pin], Puare [pux], Pyu [pby], Sonia [siq],
Taiap [gpn], Turaka [trh], Uya [usu], Valman [van], Wantoat [wnc], and Yarawata [yrw].
There are 19 nearly-extinct languages, namely Abaga [abg], Abom [aob], Dumun [dui],
Gorovu [grq], Gweda [grw], Kamasa [klp], Karawa [xrw], Kawacha [kcb], Kowaki [xow],
Magori [zgr], Mamaa [mhf], Momare [msz], Mungkip [mpv], Onjob [onj], Rema [bow],
Susuami [ssu], Tenis [tns], Turumsa [tqm], and Unubahe [unu). There are also 2 nearly
extinct languages 8b on the scale, namely Guramalum [grz], and Unerdeutsch [uln]. No
languages are classified as fading, 9 on the scale. Finally, there are 12 extinct languages, 10
on the scale, namely Aribwatsa [laz], Bina [bmn], Hermit [llf], Kaniet [ktk], Karami [xar],
Laua [luf], Makolkol [zmh], Mulaha [mfw], Ouma [oum], Sene [sej], Uruava [urv], and
Yoba [yob]. The details of language status conditions can be observed in the above Graph
(Lewis et al., 2015).

Timor Leste
The official name of Timor Leste is The Democratic Republic of Timor Leste, República
Democrática de Timor-Leste, or Repúlica Demokrátika Timor Lorosa’e. It has a population
of 1,178,000. Literacy is low at only 53% (Lewis et al., 2015).

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