Page 97 - THE MELANESIA DIASPORA FILE CETAK ISI 10022017

<8,000
<8,000
-20,000
-20,000
A,D
39,000-
39,000-
H,J
H,J
Z Z
15,000
15,000
51,000
51,000
T,U,Uk,V,U,Uk,V
T
Y Y
A A
12,000-
12,000-
A A
C,D,G
I,W,X,X
I,W
C,D,G
C,D
15,000
15,000
7,000-
R R
M1,M40
M1,M40
B B
9,000
9,000
B
65,000-
65,000-
N N
F
70,000
70,000
-3,000
-3,000
M
L3
L3
M M
L2
L2
L1
L1
C,D
130,000-
130,000-
L0
L0
200,000
200,000
M 42
M 42
S S
Q Q
P P
48,000
48,000
Peta migrasi mtDNA
Peta migrasi mtDNA
<8,000 7,000- A,D C,D B B X X A A C,D
<8,000
-20,000
-20,000
A,D
39,000- H,J Z Z A,D 15,000
39,000-
H,J
15,000
51,000
51,000 T,U,Uk,V,U,Uk,V Y Y A A X X
T
12,000-
I,W,X,X C,D,G A A 12,000- C,D
I,W
C,D,G
C,D
15,000
15,000
7,000-
R R M1,M40 7,000- B B
M1,M40
9,000
9,000
B
65,000-
65,000- N N F
70,000
70,000 M -3,000
-3,000
L3
L2
L2 L3 M M
L1
L1
C,D
130,000-
130,000- L0 B B A A C,D
L0
200,000
200,000
M 42
M 42
Q Q S S
P P
48,000
48,000
Peta migrasi mtDNA
Peta migrasi mtDNA
Map of early human migratory a migratory route is much more homogenous. So, there are several lines of evidence that
paths out of Africa based on support the theory. Nevertheless, there are three fundamental questions that need to be
Mitochondrial DNA. (Mitomap. addressed about the out of Africa exodus. First, how many routes were taken during the
org: 2013)
initial journeys as evidenced by archaeological findings? Second, which archaeological
findings support the modern human genetics evidence? Third, when did they move out
and when did they settle in a particular location?
These questions can be answered after the discovery of sequencing technology
which enable the reading of DNA sequence, as well as the Restriction Fragment Length
Polymorphism (RFLP) method which is used to look at DNA bases variation at certain
locations. These two methods allow the building of the mtDNA phylogenetic tree. By
establishing a mtDNA phylogenetic tree we can get a detailed picture of female ancestral
migration that tells us when they were separated into groups (haplogroups). Simply put,
the original populations in Africa can be divided into three haplogroups: L1, L2, and L3.
Haplogroup L3 migrated out while L1 and L2 stayed in Africa. After this migration, L3 then
produced new haplotypes M and N (Quintana-Murci et al., 1999). In addition to these,
several other haplotypes spread around the world as the branches of L3.
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