Page 98 - THE MELANESIA DIASPORA FILE CETAK ISI 10022017

Right: Diagram of
phylogenetic tree and Sub-Saharan Africa
East Asia
its structural analysis A South Asia
Oceania
for Y-chromosome 100 Europe
Americas
haplogroups. The
BR
different colors
represent the CR
geographical regions. K=2
Cluster K in the tree B C DE F
shows primarily Asian Time (kya) 50 K
and Oceanic groups. IJ NO L P K=5
(Underhill & Kisivild,
R Q
2007) K=6

0
M31 M6 M114 M28 M51 M13 M146 M236 M60 M150 M182 M115 M112 M30 M8 M38 M208 RPS4Y P39 M217 M347 M356 M15 P47 M174 M55 YAP M96 M33 M75 M191 M2 PN2 M81 M35 V32 M78 V12 V13 M123 M89 M201 M69 M253 M170 M438 M267 M304 M172 M231 M128 P43 P43 LLY22G M214 M119 M175 M95 P31 SRY465 M134 M122 M7 M9 M76 M20 M317 M357 M70 M147 M177 M230 M4 M124 M207 M269 M73 M343 M173 M17 M45 M120 M
A1 A2 A2a A3a A3b1 A3b2 B1a B1 B • B2a B2 • B2b B2a B2b3 C1 C2 C2b C • C3b C3 C4 C5 D1 D3 D • D2 DE E E1 E2 E3b7 E3a E3 • E3b2 E3b • E3b1 E3b1 E3b1 E3bc E3b3 F • G • H I1 I • I2 J1 J J2 N • N1 N2 N3 N1’3 • NO O1 • O O2a O2 O2b O3e O3 O3d K • L1 L • L2 L3 K2 K3 K1 K4 M R2 R • R1b3 R1b1 R1b R1 R1a1 P • Q1 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q • Q4 • Q4a1 Q4a Q4a2

The journey taken by our male ancestors can also be understood in a similar way to
the tracing of our female ancestors through mtDNA. The male haplotype is determined
by Short Tandem Repeats (STR). This method can produce a phylogenetic tree of
Y-chromosomes which can be divided into haplogroups A and B which spread solely in
Africa. Haplogroup A branched out as E and F, both of which eventually went out of Africa.
However, haplogroup E stayed in Africa. Haplogroup E is called the African haplogroup
while the ones which moved out are called non-African. Haplogroup E migrated to the north
and gave rise to many branches of other haplotypes. Meanwhile haplogroup F followed
the southern migratory route along the coastal areas, travelling through Indonesia and
ending finally in Australia. The haplogroups that eventually spread to all places around the
Earth were offshoots or combinations of these E and F groups. For example, E formed D
and C. Then, C migrated from Asia to America. Meanwhile D formed O, which then went
south to Indonesia (Figure 3). Recent research allows a more detailed analysis of each of
the Y-chromosome haplogroups. In each of these haplogroups, there are sub-haplogroups
such as CR which consists of three sub-branches C, DE (consists of D and E), and F. These
are African and non-African haplogroups. Using a structural analysis, it was found that
Africa and Asia shared haplogroup DE and non-African haplogroup C dispersed in East Asia,
Oceania, and America. Other globally distributed non-African groups include F-M89 with
its branch haplogroup K. These sub-haplogroups F and K provide proof of regionalization.
Haplogroup F* and H are only found in Asia, while the geographical center of haplogroup

98 Chapter 2

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