Page 39 - A Chain of Miracles

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black holes. Gravity also controls the expansion rate of the uni-
verse.
The force of gravity has a constant mathematical value that
enabled the formation of the universe we live in.
Had this constant been a fraction greater than it is, the for-
mation of stars in the universe would have accelerated to the
point that where even the smallest stars would have reached a
mass 1.4 times greater than that of our Sun. They would have

then burned up so quickly and unpredictably that the necessary
conditions for life on any planets orbiting them could not have
developed. Life depends on stars as small as our own Sun.
Had the constant of gravity been a little greater than its cur-
rent value, all stars of the universe would have already collapsed
into black holes. Furthermore, gravitational forces acting on
even the smallest planets would have been so great that no life

forms larger than insects could have survived.
At the other extreme, had the force of gravity been a fraction
weaker, the largest stars in the universe could never have ex-
ceeded 0.8 times the mass of our Sun. These smaller stars would
have burned long enough and been stable enough to support life
on the planets orbiting them, but the heavy elements essential
for the formation of planets and life could never have emerged
in the first place. Iron and the other heavier elements can be cre-
ated only in the cores of huge stars. Only stars of huge mass can

produce and scatter beryllium—and other elements, necessary
for the formation of planets and life—into interstellar space.
As you can see, even very small fluctuations in gravitational
forces would have prevented the formation of life—and there-
fore, humans. Fluctuation of a slightly higher magnitude in

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