Page 45 - Alaska A & P Primer

8.1 The Thoracic Cage
8.2 Bones of the Upper Limb
8.1 OBJECTIVES
1. Describe the function and bones that form the pectoral girdle
8.2 OBJECTIVES
1. Identify the divisions of the upper limb and describe the bones
Because of our upright stance, different functional demands are placed upon the upper and lower limbs. Thus, the bones of the lower limbs are adapted for weight-bearing sup- port and stability, as well as for body locomotion via walking or running. In contrast, our upper limbs are not required for these functions. Instead, our upper limbs are highly mo- bile and can be utilized for a wide variety of activities. The large range of upper limb move- ments, coupled with the ability to easily manipulate objects with our hands and opposable thumbs, has allowed humans to construct the modern world in which we live.
The appendicular skeleton includes all of the limb bones, plus the bones that unite each limb with the axial skeleton. The bones that attach each upper limb to the axial skeleton form the pectoral girdle (shoulder girdle). This consists of two bones, the scapula and clavi- cle. The clavicle (collarbone) is an S-shaped bone located on the anterior side of the shoul- der. It is attached on its medial end to the sternum of the thoracic cage, which is part of
the axial skeleton. The lateral end of the clavicle articulates (joins) with the scapula just above the shoulder joint. You can easily palpate, or feel with your fingers, the entire length of your clavicle.
The clavicle is the most commonly fractured bone in the body. Such breaks often occur be- cause of the force exerted on the clavicle when a person falls onto his or her outstretched arms, or when the lateral shoulder receives a strong blow. Because the sternoclavicular joint is strong and rarely dislocated, excessive force results in the breaking of the clavicle, usually between the middle and lateral portions of the bone.
The scapula (shoulder blade) lies on the posterior aspect of the shoulder. It is supported by the clavicle, which also articulates with the humerus (arm bone) to form the shoulder joint. The scapula is a flat, triangular-shaped bone with a prominent ridge running across its posterior surface. The clavicle is the only long bone that lies in a horizontal position in the body. The clavicle has several important functions. First, anchored by muscles from above, it serves as a strut that extends laterally to support the scapula.
This in turn holds the shoulder joint superiorly and laterally from the body trunk, allowing for maximal freedom of motion for the upper limb. The clavicle also transmits forces act- ing on the upper limb to the sternum and axial skeleton. Finally, it serves to protect the underlying nerves and blood vessels as they pass between the trunk of the body and the upper limb.
The upper limb is divided into three regions. These consist of the arm, located between the shoulder and elbow joints; the forearm, which is between the elbow and wrist joints; and the hand, which is located distal to the wrist. There are 30 bones in each upper limb. The humerus is the single bone of the upper arm, and the ulna (medially) and the radius (later- ally) are the paired bones of the forearm. The base of the hand contains eight bones, each called a carpal bone, and the palm of the hand is formed by five bones, each called a meta- carpal bone. The fingers and thumb contain a total of 14 bones, each of which is a phalanx bone of the hand.
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State of Alaska EMS Education Primer - 2016
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