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3.4 MEMBRANE AUTOPSY 53
FIGURE 3.11 Membrane spacer protrusion.
Membrane telescoping (Fig. 3.1), physical damage of the fiberglass casting (see Fig. 3.2), and protrusion of membrane spacer (Fig. 3.11) are indicative of permanent membrane dam- age due to exposure of the membrane elements to excessive feed pressure surges, severe fouling, or mishandling. Reddish/brown discoloration of ATD (Fig. 3.12) is caused usually by overdosing of ferric coagulant.
3.4.2 Weight Measurement
All RO membranes are measured and their weight is compared against that of new RO elements of the same size. The magnitude of the weight gain is an indication of the extent
FIGURE 3.12 Reddish/brown discoloration of RO elements caused by overdosing of ferric coagulant.
