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Americans, had exactly the opposite effect; the American fleet was gutted. The ef-
fect of this protectionism, urged by ship-owners and unions, was (as should have
been anticipated) most recently to reduce US private-sector ships from 193 in
2000 to 91 in 2016. (Britain has had similar legislation; it was repealed in 1849!).
In effect, US merchant shipping, including cruise vessels, became a worldwide
irrelevance; P&O would have been happy to promote this act!
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