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María Alejandra Ramelli


              Common causes of laminitis (Royal Veterinary College, 2018) (AAEP, 2018):


            •  Overeating grain or grass.

            •  Sudden dietary changes.

            •  Diseases associated with inflammation such as certain types of colic or
                                                  retained placenta for more than
                                                  12 hours in a mare after foaling.


                                                  •     Obesity.

                                                  •     Trauma from excess work
                                                  in unshod horses on hard ground.

                                                  •     Endocrine disease.

                                                  •     Bedding that contains black
                                                  walnut shavings.



              Symptoms (Royal Veterinary College, 2018) (AAEP, 2018):


            •  Lameness when the horse is turning in circles and walking on hard
               ground.

            •  Increased digital pulse in the feet.


            •  Pain when pressure is applied with hoof testers.

            •  The horse leans back on his heels.

            •  Warm hooves.


            Azoturia



              Azoturia is serious and painful muscle condition also known as “Monday
            morning disease”, “tying-up” or “Equine Rhabdomyolysis” (Scarsdale Veteri-
            nary Group, 2015). Members of the XL Vets Equine Association (no year of pu-
            blication) describe azoturia as “a disturbance of the normal functioning of the


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