L'ITALIANO

Page 7 - L'ITALIANO

P. 7

L’ITALIANO
MERCOLEDÌ 20 MARZO 2019
CRONACHE ITALIANE
PAGINA 7
@+:AG
9􏰂¦ƃÄs􏰄Ï􏰂ƃ¬􏰂Ês¦¦􏰁ƃ1⁄2􏰂À􏰁3¦3Ä􏰁 ÏÊ31⁄2Ä􏰁sƃ􏰃􏰁ůÊ􏰂􏰃ƃ1⁄2􏰂Àƃs􏰀􏰁¦
V¬Ü􏰌ÉÃäØ􏰇ä􏰈ȇ􏰉􏰇1⁄41⁄4􏰈ȇ􏰇Ã􏰇1⁄4¬Ü¬ȇ􏰌ÉÃ􏰌􏰈ÃäØ􏰇Ā¬ÉÃ¬ȇ􏰇Ã􏰌©􏰈ȇ􏰌􏰈ÃäÉȇôÉ1⁄4ä􏰈ȇÉ1⁄4äØ􏰈ȇ1⁄4􏰇ȇÂ􏰈􏰉¬􏰇ȇ @􏰇ȇ1⁄4􏰇ȇSØÉ􏰌éØ􏰇ȇÃÉÃȇ􏰈Ü􏰌1⁄4é􏰉􏰈ȇ1⁄4ȅ¬ÕÉä􏰈Ü¬ȇ􏰉􏰈1⁄41⁄4􏰇ȇÂÉØä􏰈ȇÃ􏰇äéØ􏰇1⁄4􏰈ȇÕ􏰈ØȇéÃ􏰇ȇÂ􏰇1⁄4􏰇ää¬􏰇ȇØ􏰇Ø􏰇ȇ
EJDJ OPO FSBOP QFSBMUSP UFOVUJ B OPUJGJDBSF MB QBVSB EFMMB NP EFMMB EJ FTTFSF BWWFMFOBUB BWFOEP TPMP jMPCCMJHP EJ DP NVOJDBSF VO SFGFSUPx .B JM UF TU TVMMBSTFOJDP JM GFCCSBJP FSB SJTVMUBUP OFHBUJWP
*M NJTUFSP SJNBOF /PO Ï OFQQVSF FTDMVTP JM QSPHSFTTJ WP EFUFSJPSBNFOUP EFHMJ PSHB OJ JOUFSOJ QFS VOB SBSB NBMBU UJB QFSØ MPNJDJEJP TFNCSB DPOGJHVSBSTJ TFNQSF QJÞ DPNF VOB TQZ TUPSZ 2 JNQSPCBCJMF MFHBSMP BMMF UFTUJNPOJBO[F EJ 'BEJM BM QSPDFTTP DPOUSP #FSMV TDPOJ *OPMUSF MB HJPWBOF FSB TUBUB FTUSPNFTTB DPNF QBSUF DJWJMF EBM 3VCZ 5FS
4F GPTTF DPOGFSNBUP MVTP EJ VO WFMFOP QPUFO[JBUP EB SBEJB [JPOJ P DPNVORVF EJ EJGGJDJMF SFQFSJNFOUP OPO SJNBSSFCCF DIF QFOTBSF BMMJOUFSWFOUP EJ RVBMDIF TFSWJ[JP TFHSFUP TUSB OJFSP *O GPOEP BMMFQPDB EFJ iCVOHB CVOHBw #FSMVTDPOJ FSB VO QSFNJFS F BJ GFTUJOJ OFM MB TVB WJMMB OFTTVOP QVØ FTDMV EFSF DIF BMDVOF HJPWBOJ GPTTF SP iJOGJMUSBUFw -P FSB BODIF *NBOF "ODIF EJ RVFTUP TJ PD DVQFSBOOP HMJ JORVJSFOUJ j$B TP 'BEJM #FSMVTDPOJ OPO DFO USB o IB TDSJUUP TV UXJUUFS 4PVBE 4CBJ FY EFQVUBUB EFM 1E- PSJHJOBSJB EFM .BSPDDP o -F SFTQPOTBCJMJUÈ WBOOP SJDFS DBUF BMUSPWF JO VOB DFSUB BMUB iEJQMPNB[JBw DPO DVJ MB SBHB[ [B VDDJTB BWFWB MBWPSBUP F DIF HMJ IB DIJVTP MB CPDDB QFS QBV SB EFOVODJBTTF MB WFSJUÈx 􏰆
GVb+ȇ+ȇ#+:bȇ#+::+
:ȇ:+ZbȇAV
¦ƃ s3 3ÊÀsÊÊss cÏ3¦􏰂ƃ􏰁ƃ􏰀s􏰁 􏰀s¦¦ŽZÀs􏰁s
VG@ǧȇ"M #BOP OPO DJ TUB %P QP FTTFSF TUBUP JOTFSJUP OFM MB MJTUB OFSB EFHMJ JOEJWJEVJ DPOTJEFSBUJ NJOBDDJB BMMB TJ DVSF[[B OB[JPOBMF EFMM6 DSBJOB JM DBOUBOUF QVHMJF TF TVQQPSUBUP EBMMBWWPDB UP $SJTUJBOP .BHBMFUUJ NJ OBDDJB EJ SJDPSSFSF BMMB $PS UF &VSPQFB EFJ EJSJUUJ EFMMVPNP *OWJUB JOPMUSF JM NJOJTUSP EFHMJ &TUFSJ JUBMJB OP B JOUFSWFOJSF JNNFEJBUB NFOUF QFS WJF EJQMPNBUJDIF QFS PUUFOFSF MB DBODFMMB[JP OF EFM TVP OPNF EBMMB CMBDL MJTU DIF DPOUB BSUJTUJ jTHSBEJUJx BM HPWFSOP EJ ,JFW F OFMMB RVBMF GJHVSB BODIF .JDIFMF 1MBDJEP *O GJOF JOUFOEF DIJFEFSF VO SJ TBSDJNFOUP EBOOJ BMM6DSBJ OB MF DVJ TPNNF o BOOVO DJB o TBSBOOP EFWPMVUF JO CF OFGJDFO[B B VO FOUF CFOFGJ DP VDSBJOP j/PO DJ GFSNFSF NP BOESFNP TJOP B 4USB TCVSHP QFSDIÌ RVFTUP QVØ EJWFOUBSF VO QFSJDPMPTP QSF DFEFOUF o GB TBQFSF JM MFHBMF o "M #BOP Ï DJUUBEJOP EFM NPOEP F BNJDP EJ UVUUJx 􏰆
@+:AGǧȇ"WWFMFOBUB EB TPTUBO [F SBEJPBUUJWF *M TPTQFUUP EFM MB QSPDVSB TVMMB DBVTB EFMMB NPSUF EJ *NBOF 'BEJM MB NP EFMMB JUBMPNBSPDDIJOB EJ BOOJ UFTUF DIJBWF OFM QSPDFT TP DPOUSP 4JMWJP #FSMVTDPOJ QFS MF TFSBUF IPU DPO MB NJOP SFOOF 3VCZ 3VCBDVPSJ EJWFO UB TFNQSF QJÞ GPSUF
*M QSPDVSBUPSF 'SBODFTDP (SFDP TOPDDJPMB J EBUJ DIF DPO GFSNBOP MJQPUFTJ MB QSFTFO[B EJ VOFMFWBUB QFSDFOUVBMF EJ NFUBMMJ QFSJDPMPTJ #FO DFOUP WPMUF QJÞ EFMMB NFEJB j-BOUJ NPOJP OFM TVP TBOHVF HJÈ MB WBUP EB EJWFSTF USBTGVTJPOJ QSFDJTB o IB EBUP JM SJTVMUBUP EJ F JM SBOHF EFMMB UPMMFSBCJMJUÈ Ï USBMP F "ODIFJMDBE NJP VSJOBSJP Ï TUBUP SJMFWBUP BM MJWFMMP EJ NFOUSF MB OPSNBMJ
UÈÏGJOPBMMP&BODPSBÏ TUBUB SJTDPOUSBUB MB QSFTFO[B EJ NPMJCEFOP DPCBMUP DSPNP VSJOBSJP NHMJUSP DPOUSP JM NBTTJNP EFMMP UPMMFSB UP F DSPNP EFM TBOHVF NHMJUSP DPOUSP JM MJWFMMP OPS NBMFDIFTJGFSNBB x.B RVFTUF TPTUBO[F TPOP SBEJPBU UJWF j/PO MP TBQQJBNP DPO DFSUF[[B QFSDIÌ OPO DPOPTDJB NP HMJ JTPUPQJx TQFDJGJDB JM QN -VDB (BHMJP
.B QSPQSJP QFS DPOUFOFSF JM SJTDIJP EJ DPOUBHJP SBEJPBUUJ WP MBVUPQTJB TBSÈ FTFHVJUB EB VOÌRVJQF NFEJDP MFHBMF DIF QSFWFEF BODIF TQFDJBMJ BUUSF[ [BUVSF NFTTF B EJTQPTJ[JPOF EBM /VDMFP SBEJPMPHJDP F CBUUF SJPMPHJDP EFJ 7JHJMJ EFM 'VPDP $PO UBOUP EJ TDBGBOESJ JTPMBO UJ DPNF UVUF F BQQBSFDDIJBUV SF IJ UFDI B UVUFMB EBMMB DPOUB NJOB[JPOF SBEJPBUUJWB
j/PO DPOPTDFOEP MF DBVTF
EFM EFDFTTP o QSPTFHVF JM QSP DVSBUPSF DBQP o OVMMB TJ QVØ FTDMVEFSF 1FS RVFTUP EBDDPS EP DPO J NFEJDJ MFHBMJ TJ Ï EFDJ TP EJ QSPDFEFSF DPO NBTTJNB DBVUFMBx 4J QBSUJSÈ EBMMFTUSB [JPOF EFJ DBNQJPOJ EJ UFTTVUP EBHMJ PSHBOJ JOUFSOJ EFMMB HJP WBOF DIF QPUSFCCFSP SJWFMBSF MB QSFTFO[B EJ SBEJPBUUJWJUÈ F QPJ jBMMB OPSNBMF BVUPQTJBx
-BHHJVOUP 5J[JBOB 4JDJMJB OP TQJFHB DIF jOFMMBQQBSUB NFOUP EFMMBNJDP DIF IB PTQJ UBUP *NBOF EB NFUÈ PUUPCSF BM HFOOBJP HJPSOP EF TVP SJ DPWFSP BMMB )VNBOJUBT EJ 3P[ [BOP OPO Ï TUBUB SJTDPOUSBUB MB QSFTFO[B EJ OFTTVOP EJ RVF TUJ NFUBMMJ
& 'SBODFTDP (SFDP DIJBSJ TDF JM CVDP OFSP EFMMB DPNVOJ DB[JPOF EFMM)VNBOJUBT j/PO DJ BWWJTBSPOP MPSP EFM EF DFTTP NB JM GSBUFMMP F MBWWPDB UP EFMMB HJPWBOF EPOOBx * NF
SBOFB 4BWJOH IVNBOT GSB J QSPNPUPSJ BODIF MFY DPOTJHMJF SF SFHJPOBMF 'WH "MFTTBOESP .FU[ QBSUJUB EVF HJPSOJ GB EB 1BMFSNP B JOUFSDFUUBSF OFM QP NFSJHHJP BM MBSHP EFMMB -JCJB VO HPNNPOF JO BWBSJB DPO VOB DJORVBOUJOB EJ QFSTPOF B CPSEP JODMVTJ CBNCJOJ 6OB NPUPWFEFUUB MJCJDB TJ FSB EJSFUUB JO [POB NB MB .BS +P OJP IB QSFTP J NJHSBOUJ QSJNB EFM TVP BSSJWP -VDB $BTBSJOJ DBQPNJTTJPOF EJ .FEJUFSSB OFB j'BDDJBNP SPUUB WFSTP OPSEx %VORVF WFSTP M*UBMJB -B SPUUB PWWJBNFOUF OPO QJBDF B 4BMWJOJ DIF DPO MB TVB MJOFB iQPSUJ DIJVTJw TQFSBWB EJ BWFS TUPQQBUP J TPDDPSTJ EFMMF 0OH *M WJDFQSFNJFS IB NFTTP GSFUUB BJ TVPJ VGGJDJ 0CJFUUJWP GJSNB SF VOB EJSFUUJWB TVJ TBMWBUBHHJ JO NBSF -B QSJPSJUÈ DPTÓ JM 7J NJOBMF jSJNBOF MB UVUFMB EFMMF WJUF NB TVCJUP EPQP Ï OFDFTTB SJP BHJSF TPUUP JM DPPSEJOBNFO
DP MFHBMF F WJHJMJ EFM GVPDP -hJODJEFOUF Ï BWWFOVUP JFSJ NBUUJOB JOUPSOP BMMF OFMMB [POB QSPEVUUJWB EJ #VEPJB -hPQFSBJP DIF SJTJFEFWB B 1PM DFOJHP DPNF TUBOOP BDDFSUBO EP HMJ JTQFUUPSJ EFMMhB[JFOEB TB OJUBSJB F EFJ DBSBCJOJFSJ EFMMB DPNQBHOJB EJ 4BDJMF Ï SJNB TUP TDIJBDDJBUP &SB EJQFOEFO UF EJ VOB DPPQFSBUJWB EJ $P ESPJQP 6EJOF F JFSJ FSB JNQF HOBUP JO WBSJ MBWPSJ EJ NBOV UFO[JPOF OFMMP TUBCJMJNFOUP EFMMB *. VOB B[JFOEB DIF PQF SB OFMMB QFEFNPOUBOB QPSEF OPOFTF 4VM QPTUP TPOP JOUFS WFOVUJ J WJHJMJ EFM GVPDP EFM DP NBOEP QSPWJODJBMF F JM QFSTP OBMF TBOJUBSJP B CPSEP EFMMhFMJ TPDDPSTP BMMFSUBUJ EBJ EJQFO EFOUJ EFMMB *. QSFTFOUJ TVM QP TUP /PO DJ TPOP BMUSF QFSTPOF
DPJOWPMUF OFMMhJODJEFOUF 􏰆
+Â􏰇Ã􏰈ȇ"􏰇􏰉¬1⁄4ȇ¬ÃȇbØ¬􏰊éÃ􏰇1⁄4􏰈 􏰇ȇ@¬1⁄4􏰇ÃÉȇ􏰋£ÉäÉȇ􏰉ȅ􏰇Ø􏰌©¬ô¬É􏰍
UP EFMMBVUPSJUÈ OB[JPOBMF UFSSJ UPSJBMNFOUF DPNQFUFOUFx /FM DBTP EJ JFSJ EVORVF EFMMB -J CJB $IJ OPO MP GB DPNQJF jVOB [JPOF QSFNFEJUBUB QFS USBTQPS UBSF JO *UBMJB JNNJHSBUJ DMBOEF TUJOJ F GBWPSJSF JM USBGGJDP EJ FTTF SJ VNBOJx 4BSFCCF RVJOEJ NJ OBDDJB BMMB TJDVSF[[B OB[JPOB MF MF OBWJ VOB WPMUB TCBSDBUF TF JUBMJBOF QPUSFCCFSP FTTFSF TFRVFTUSBUF HMJ FRVJQBHHJ JO DSJNJOBUJ 4BSÈ EB DBQJSF DPNF VOB EJSFUUJWB TJ SBQQPSUB BMMF OPSNF EJ QJÞ BMUP SBOHP PSB JO WJHPSF *M NJOJTUSP EFMM*OUFSOP JOUBOUP TVQFSBUP MP TDPHMJP (JVOUB EFMMF JNNVOJUÈ EPWSÈ TPUUPTUBSF BM WPUP EFM 4FOBUP TVMMBVUPSJ[[B[JPOF B QSPDFEF SF DIJFTUB EBJ HJVEJDJ EJ $BUB OJB QFS JM DBTP %JDJPUUJ j1FOTB UFNJ NFSDPMFEÓ RVBOEP JM 4FOB UP WPUFSÈ TF EFWP P OPO EFWP FT TFSF QSPDFTTBUP QFS TFRVFTUSP EJ QFSTPOB *P TPOP USBORVJMMP NB NBJ EJSF NBJ JO *UBMJBx o
Arȇ+ȇ@+bVVAȇZr+A#ȇ(g@AZ
Ps¦Ø􏰁ƃôùƃ¬􏰁􏰄ÀsÊ􏰁ƃ􏰁ƃ¬sÀ􏰂 &¦ƃc􏰁¬􏰁s¦􏰂ƃÀ􏰁¦s􏰁s ŵPÊ31⁄2ƃs¦¦􏰂ƃsä􏰁3􏰁ƃ?􏰄Ŷ
IsÀ􏰁􏰄􏰁ŗƃÄs¦Êsƃ􏰁¦ƃ1⁄2À􏰂􏰅􏰂ÊÊ3ƃ 􏰃s¬1⁄2Äů¦ßÄ􏰆􏰂ÄƃØ􏰁􏰂ÊsÊ􏰁
VG@ǧȇ$PO HMJ TCBSDIJ BJ NJOJ NJ TUPSJDJ JM OVPWP TBMWBUBHHJP EJ VOB OBWF VNBOJUBSJB BM MBS HP EFMMB -JCJB HVBTUB MVNPSF BM NJOJTUSP EFMM*OUFSOP .BU UFP 4BMWJOJ & RVFTUP BWWJFOF BM MB WJHJMJB EFM WPUP JO 4FOBUP TVMMBVUPSJ[[B[JPOF B QSPDFEF SF OFJ TVPJ DPOGSPOUJ QFS JM DBTP %JDJPUUJ *M NJOJTUSP QBTTB TVCJ UP BM DPOUSBUUBDDP BOOVODJBO EP VOB EJSFUUJWB QFS jTUPQQBSF EFGJOJUJWBNFOUF MF B[JPOJ JMMF HBMJ EFMMF 0OHx
2 MB .BSF +POJP OBWF CBUUFO UF CBOEJFSB JUBMJBOB EJ .FEJUFS
:􏰇ȇÃ􏰇ô􏰈ȇ􏰉¬ȇ@􏰈􏰉¬ä􏰈ØØ􏰇Ã􏰈􏰇ȇ
SV+#+ǧȇ#FSTBHMJBUP EBMMF BDDV TF EJ jMBTTJTNPx QFS MF WJPMFO [F TFO[B QSFDFEFOUJ TVHMJ $IBNQT&MZTÌFT &NNBOVFM .BDSPO DPSSF BJ SJQBSJ TJMV SBOEP JM QSFGFUUP SFTQPOTBCJ MF EJ 1BSJHJ .JDIFM %FMQVF DI TPTUJUVJUP JO DPSTB EBM DPM MFHB %JEJFS -BMMFNFOU F PQF SBOEP VOB OVPWB TUSFUUB TVMMPSEJOF QVCCMJDP DIF TJ WB BE BHHJVOHFSF BMMB HJÈ BO OVODJBUB MFHHF iBOUJDBT TFVSTw
%PSB JO QPJ IB BOOVODJB UP JM QSFNJFS &EPVBSE 1IJMJQ QF BM UFSNJOF EFM WFSUJDF DPO JM QSFTJEFOUF F J NJOJTUSJ SF
TQPOTBCJMJ EJ (JVTUJ[JB F *OUFS OJ MF NPCJMJUB[JPOJ EFMMF DB TBDDIF HJBMMF TBSBOOP WJFUBUF OFJ RVBSUJFSJ QJÞ DPMQJUJ jHMJ $IBNQT&MZTÌFT B 1BSJHJ 1MB DF 1FZ#FSMBOE B #PSEFBVY F 1MBDF EV $BQJUPMF B 5PMPTBx NB TPMP OFM DBTP JO DVJ jWFSSF NP B DPOPTDFO[B EJ NBOJGF TUBOUJ VMUSBTx 1FS JM GFEFMJTTJ NP EJ .BDSPO TJ USBUUB jBO[J UVUUP EJ QSPUFHHFSF JM EJSJUUP EJ NBOJGFTUBSFx j/PO DPO GPOEP J DBTTFVST DPO MB TUSB HSBOEF NBHHJPSBO[B EFJ HJ MFU HJBMMJ DIF USB MBMUSP PHHJ OPO NBOJGFTUBOP QJÞx IB QVOUVBMJ[[BUP 􏰆
TUBUP BHHJPSOBUP BMMh HJV HOP
2 TUBUP RVJOEJ GJTTBUP VO DBMFOEBSJP EFMMF QSPTTJNF VEJFO[F IBOOP TQJFHBUP BMMhVTDJUB TJB J MFHBMJ EFMMB EJ GFTB DIF MhBWWPDBUP -BVSB -V[[BUP (VFSSJOJ EFMMF QBS UJ DJWJMJ QFS QPUFS BSSJWBSF FWFOUVBMNFOUF B VOB TFO UFO[B FOUSP MhFTUBUF
*O BVMB DhFSBOP J GBNJMJBSJ EJ 5BUJBOB 5VMJTTJ MB NBN NB .FSJ $PODIJPOF F J GSB UFMMJ j2 VOB GFSJUB TFNQSF BQFSUBx IB EFUUP MB NBN NB BMMhVTDJUB EBMMhBVMB B EJFDJ BOOJ EBMMhPNJDJEJP EFMMB GJHMJB 0NJDJEJP DIF Ï TUBUP TFHVJUP EB MVOHIJTJ NFJOEBHJOJ DIF JO VOB QJ NB GBTF OPO IBOOP DPO EPUUP BM QSFTVOUP DPMQFWP MF 􏰆
gVAbȇ:rGV+ȇ+ȇ@AgbA~+GA
Ï􏰀3􏰁sŗƃ31⁄2􏰂Às􏰁3ƃ¬Ï3À􏰂 Ä􏰃􏰁s􏰁sÊ3ƃ􏰀sƃÏsƃ¦sÄÊÀs
:ȇ+"Zȇ+ȇSG:Gȇ::+#V+Z
Z􏰀􏰁􏰂ŗƃ3¬􏰁􏰁􏰀􏰁3ƃUÏ¦􏰁ÄÄ􏰁 􏰃􏰁􏰂ÄÊ3ƃ􏰁¦ƃÀ􏰁Ê3ƃs~~À􏰂Ø􏰁sÊ3
SGVAGAǧȇ6O PQFSBJP EJ BOOJ Ï NPSUP JFSJ JO VOB B[JFO EB EJ DBSQFOUFSJB B #VEPJB EP QP FTTFSF SJNBTUP TDIJBDDJBUP EB VOB MBTUSB EJ BDDJBJP TDJWP MBUB EVSBOUF VOB GBTF EJ QVO UFMMBUVSB QFS DBVTF BODPSB JO DBVTB EJ BDDFSUBNFOUP 4FDPO EP RVBOUP TJ Ï BQQSFTP MhPQF SBJP EJ DJUUBEJOBO[B DSPBUB Ï NPSUP BMMhJTUBOUF -F JOEBHJOJ TPOP DPOEPUUF EBJ DBSBCJOJFSJ EFMMB 4UB[JPOF EJ 1PMDFOJHP JOUFSWFOVUJ TVM QPTUP JOTJFNF DPO PQFSBUPSJ EFM NFEJ
gÃȇÂ􏰈ĀĀÉȇ􏰉􏰈1⁄4ȇŻŻƂ
g+Aǧ ȇ -B EJGFTB EJ $BMMJHBSJT MhJNQSFOEJUPSF GSJVMBOP EJ BOOJ DIJBNB UP B EJGFOEFSTJ EBMMhBDDVTB EJ PNJDJEJP EFMMB DPNQB HOB 5BUJBOB 5VMJTTJ VDDJTB B DPMQJ EJ QJTUPMB OFM UBSEP QPNFSJHHJP EFMMh OPWFN CSF TVMMhVTDJP EFMMB MP SP BCJUB[JPOF B .BO[BOP
6EJOF IB QSFTFOUBUP JFSJ MB SJDIJFTUB EJ SJUP BCCSFWJB UP
-B SJDIJFTUB Ï TUBUB GPS NBMJ[[BUB OFM DPSTP EFMMB
1BPMP
TFDPOEB VEJFO[B QSFMJNJ OBSF DFMFCSBUB OFM QSJNP QPNFSJHHJP EBWBOUJ BM HVQ "OESFB 0EPBSEP $PNF[ *M HJVEJDF IB DPODFTTP BMMB 1SPDVSB VO UFSNJOF EJ HJPSOJ QFS BOBMJ[[BSF J EP DVNFOUJ EFMMF JOEBHJOJ EJ GFOTJWF EFQPTJUBUP EBJ MFHB MJ EJ $BMMJHBSJT HMJ BWWPDBUJ 3JOP #BUUPDMFUUJ F "MFTTBO ESP (BNCFSJOJ &OUSP RVFM UFSNJOF MB 1SPDVSB EPWSÈ QSFTFOUBSF FWFOUVBMJ DPO USPEFEV[JPOJ *M QSPDFTTP Ï

4 5 6 7 8