Page 37 - SAPEM-Chapter-10-2nd-edition-2014

South African Pavement Engineering Manual
Chapter 10: Pavement Design

Table 8. Typical Terminal Conditions and Rehabilitation Options
1
2
Pavement Base Terminal Distress Condition Possible Rehabilitation Options
Layer
Concrete • Shattering • Local repairs, slab replacement and seal or
• Pumping overlay
• Faulting • Crack and seat with seal and/or overlay
• Punch-outs • Treatments of joints important for the
overlay of plain and dowel jointed concrete
pavements
Granular (Crushed • Base stable • Local repairs and seal or overlay, or mill and
Stone and Natural • Top-down distress replace surface
Gravel) • Crocodile cracking • Recycle with stabilization for excessive
• Loss of surfacing distress and seal or asphalt overly
• Pumping of fines • Pre-treatment patching with overlay
• Potholes • Recycle layer as subbase and construct new
• Patching base with surfacing
• Permanent deformation (rutting)
• Unstable
Hot Mix Asphalt • Fatigue cracking • Recycle with stabilization and seal or overlay
• Pumping • Pre-treatment patching with overlay
• Utilise recycled layer as subbase and
construct new base and surfacing
• Mill and replace (inlay)
• Permanent deformation (rutting) • Mill and replace with stable material
including concrete
Cemented • Cracking • Recycling and stabilize and new surfacing
• Crushing • Utilise recycled layer as subbase and
• Rocking blocks construct new base and surfacing
• Pumping
• Carbonation or durability
problems with deformation and
shear
Bitumen Stabilized • Cracking • Recycling with stabilization and surfacing
Materials • Permanent deformation • Utilise recycled layer as subbase and
construct new base and surfacing
Note
1. Distress types illustrated and discussed in Chapter 14: 3.
2. Overlays and inlays of all pavements can be asphalt or concrete.

Section 3: Design Considerations
Page 26