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connected electrically to one another and to the rest of the system. Externally, popular terrestrial
usage photovoltaic modules use MC3 (older) or MC4 connectors to facilitate easy weatherproof
connections to the rest of the system.
Bypass diodes may be incorporated or used externally, in case of partial module shading, to
maximize the output of module sections still illuminated. Some recent solar module designs include
concentrators in which light is focused by lenses or mirrors onto an array of smaller cells. This
enables the use of cells with a high cost per unit area (such as gallium arsenide) in a cost-effective
way.

Literature Review
Power Bank may also be known as Power Stations or Battery Bank. Power Bank are comprised of a
special battery in a special case with a special circuit to control power flow [7]. They allow people to
store electrical energy and then later use it to charge up a mobile device. Types of Power Bank found
on the market today:
i. The first one is the Universal Power Bank. They come in many sizes and configurations
which can be tailored to their device requirements and budget.
ii. They also carry a Solar-Charged Power Bank and have photovoltaic panels which can trickle-
charge the internal battery when placed in sunlight. Solar charging is not fast, so they can
usually charge via cable as well.
iii. The third type of Power Bank is the older-style battery phone case. While they can be handy,
this type of Power Bank has very narrow device compatibility.

Solar panels convert solar energy into electricity. Silicon cells are illuminated by the sun or
solar, making photons that generate electric current. A solar panel produces approximately 0.5 Volt.
So a 12 Volt solar panel consists of approximately 36 cells (To generate 17 Volts of maximal
voltage). Photo voltage (usually called a cell Solar) is a semiconductor device that can change light
directly into become Direct current (DC) by using a thin silicon crystal (Si) [6]. Types of Solar panel
such as:
i. Mono Crystaline Silicone (Mono-Si)
Solar Cell monocrystalline is made using pure silicon crystal that has been through
Czochralski process which result is Ingot. Ingot is then sliced thin. The manufacture of solar
cell type Monocrystalline Silicon quite complicated and expensive production cost, so the
selling price was also higher. Beyond its expensive price, monocrystalline silicon has
advantages over other types of solar cells.
ii. Polycrystalline
This type is made of several silicon crystal rods that are melted / melted and then poured in a
square mold. The purity of the silicon crystals is not as pure as the monocrystalline solar cells,
so the resulting solar cells are not identical to each other and the efficiency is lower, about
13% - 16%.
It looks like there is a broken glass motif in it. The square shape, if arranged to form solar
panels, will be tightly packed and there will be no wasted empty space like the arrangement in
the monocrystalline solar panel above. The process of making it easier than monocrystalline,
therefore the price is cheaper. This type is most widely used today.
iii. Thin Film Solar Cell (TFSC)
This type of solar cell is produced by adding one or more layers of thin solar cell material into
the base layer. This type of solar cell is very thin because it is very light and flexible. This
type is also known as TFPV (Thin Film Photovoltaic).

Method
Hybrid Power Bank Car Jumper was developed from preparation hardware and circuit design. This
project is to produce a product by combining the equipment like power bank, solar panel and high
capacity battery that can help people to jump start their car. Jumper wires are not supplied on all
vehicles and many road users feel that it’s a burden because the wire is quite wide and require much
space.