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(ii) Justify the application of any ONE principle identified in (b) (i).
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[2 marks]
(c) List THREE types of metal working fluids (MWFs) that are used in machining operations.
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[3 marks]
(d) The new MWFs are based on oil and anionic surfactants. The latter can be destabilized by
a simple salt. What advantages does the salt have on MWFs?
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[2 marks]
(e) The hard water stability provided by the MWFs can improve emulsion stability even
though two components are removed. Name each of these components.
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[4 marks]
Total 20 marks
02165020/SPEC 2015
