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5:, ٨١٦ interesting ١d useful review of the status of anthropology in either the ٨rab
World or the Middle ‫ﺍ‬East, see for example the following: ٨ntoun (١976), Cuilck‫( ﺳ‬١976),
Eickelnan (198٦), Fernea (I975) and ٨bu-lughod (١989).

5٢{e remark does not only apply to the Hajar region, it also apply to other regions in the
Middle East, s١ch as those which have been studied by Talal ٨sad (١970), IRichard Antoun
(1971; 1979), Donald Cole (1975) and Willian lancaster (1981).

7g‫ﺯﺭ‬nilarobservation was found by Peter Lienhardt who had carried his ethnographic
fielcdwork in the Emirates, somewhere in 1950‫( ﺷ‬Lienhardt 1957).

9Aong nmost important works are: Evans-?‫خ‬ritchard, (1949); Lewis, (1961); Barth, (1959);
Gellner, (1969); Fernea, (1970); Antoun, (1971 1979 ;)Bu‫ﻉ‬jra, (197٦); Gilssssenan, (1973); Tapper,
(1979); and Ahnmed, (1980 1983 .)‫ﻱ‬

9o; he available ethnography, see for instance, those of: Antoun, (1980); and Messick,
(1968).

10; {s not generally known ٦o٧ that William Smith (1903), who arrived later, borrowed the
notion of religious authority, and the seg‫ﻫ‬entary Arab society from Ibn-haldun. The notion,
then, has its first, modern anthropological application through Sir Edward Evan-Pritchard's
work on Cyrenaica, who himself borrowed the notion of seg‫ﻫ‬entaiton from Smith (Hamed

1987).

11Th;g view is suspect, and several anthropologists argued against it and against the idea
placing lslam - as orthodoxy against the popular or folk lslam of the peasants and
pastoralists. See Asad and Ahmde arguments for instance (Asad 1986; Ahmed 1986).

12Amde publishde widely, a full list of his bibliography is in his work: lslam in Tribal
coSieitse, (1948). In the rceent years publishde two controversial works (1986; 1988), in which
he advocatde lslaime Anthropolog‫ ﻫ‬rather than Anthropolog‫ ﻫ‬of lslam. Advocating the notion
of Anthropolog‫ ﻫ‬of islam, el-e2in (1977) Eiekelman (1983), Tapper (1992) and Asad (1986)
presentde diffeernt views.

Bibliography

Abu-Lughdo, L. 1989. 2onse of hTeory in hte Anthropology of the Arab World.
Annual Review of Anthroopology. Vol. 18, 267-306.

Amhde AS. 1980. Puk‫ﺳ‬utn Economy and Socieyt: Tradiitonal Srtucutre and Economic
Development in a Tribal Socieyt. L‫ﻡ‬ndon: Routledge & k‫ﺳ‬eganPaul.

. 1983. Relig‫ﻫ‬on and Poliitcs in Muslim Society: Order and Conflict in
Pak‫ﺳﺳ‬atn.Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

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