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xx vi BIBLIOGRAPHY
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Atlases and maps
r
Atlas de Mozambique. (Lourengo Marques, 1962). r
Atlas des colonies franqaises public sous la direction de G.
Grandidier. (Paris, 1934). PARTI. THE NAVIGATORS AND THEIR
Ceylon. Surveyor General: Ceylon, 1:520,640. (Colombo, 1950). WORKS
Chatterjee, S. P.: Bengal in Maps. (Bombay, 1949). f
Cortesao, A.: Cartografia e cartografos portuguesos dos seculos 1. Indian Ocean navigation before the time of Ibn Majid :•
XV e XVI. 2v. (Lisboa, 1935). Navigation in the Indian Ocean goes back to very early beginnings.
Cortesao, A. and Teixeira da Mota, A.: Portugaliae monumenta Accounts appear of sea trading in the Ocean in early Indian and ,
cartographica. 6v. (Lisboa, 1960) Chinese texts, and it seems that early Sumerian inscriptions refer to
Great Britain. Geographical section, General staff: Asia, ship-building in Oman catering for this early trade. Certainly
1:4,000,000 (No. 2957). Sheets 32 and 34. (London, 1934). Indian wood has been found in Sumerian sites. Thus from at least
Great Britain. Geographical section, General staff: Asia, 2000 B.c. ships have crossed from Arabia to India and at least from
1:1,000,000 (No. 2555) and Africa, 1:1,000,000 (No. 2465). the time of Solomon’s Ophir expedition Indian products have been
Sheets of various dates and editions covering the Indian Ocean available at the mouth of the Red Sea. At a later period, the Greeks
—mainly those of the Arabian peninsula. and the Romans wrote about Indian Ocean sailing and actually took <■.
Hurgronje, S.: De Atjehers. 2v. (Leiden, 1893-4). Map of part in it. It was the Greeks who first gave us the story of Hippalus
Northern Sumatra. and show that direct sailing was made on the monsoon winds. The
Imperial gazetteer of India. Atlas. (Oxford, 1931). Greeks of the first century a.d. have left us in the “Periplus of the
Italy. Ministero delle Colonie: Carta della Somalia italiana, Erythrean Sea” a vast amount of information on this trade and
1: 400,000. 22 sheets. (Roma, 1930-4). this work contains much information on the navigation of the ocean
Jefferys, T.: The East Indies with the roads. (London, 1768). at that period. In fact the detail into which the Periplus sometimes
Kenya. Director of Surveys: Atlas of Kenya. (Nairobi, 1959). goes, makes it seem that the author actually drew his information
National atlas of India. Preliminary Hindi edition. (Dehra Dun, from written pilot-guides. Thus we see that a considerable time t
1957). before the Muslim Arabs came on the scene, the science of navi ;
K. Nederlandsch Aardrijkskundig Genootschap: Atlas van gation had reached a perfection almost equivalent to that of the
tropisch Nederland. (’s-Gravenhage, 1938). 15th century navigators, even to the possible compilation of navi -
Salt, H.: Carte generate in Voyage en Abyssinie tr. par P. F. gational literature. I
Henry. (Paris, 1816). The Greeks used the stars for bearings and in Roman times the
The Times, London: The Times Atlas of the world. Vols. 1 and 2. rise of a culminating star was noticed as equivalent to a fall in
(London, 1958). latitude: only the compass as yet remained unknown. :
Perhaps the most obvious passage from Pre-Islamic literature
Also
dealing with pilots and navigation is that in the Jatakamala of Arya
Great Britain. Admiralty: Admiralty charts of various dates Sura which was written probably about the first century a.d. and
and scales covering the Indian Ocean. contemporary with the Periplus. This passage has been quoted
before in connexion with early navigational practice and bears re
peating again.1 In describing the Boddhisattva as a perfect pilot,
this work states; he “possessed every quality desired in such a one.
i Knowing the course of the celestial luminaries, he was never at a
loss with respect to the regions of the ship, being perfectly acquainted
1 Part of this passage is quoted by E. G. R. ffaylor in The Haven-finding art.
London, 1956; the translation re is that of Speyer in the Sacred
Books of the Buddhists v. 1 tf. V24-5.
i
