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stone. Over time nephrite was abraded into almost no. 7 0995), figs. 10-11, 17-19, 49; 4. Most of this text on the 11. Wen Guang andjing
technical and nuneralogical
—any shape from a prismatic tube to a relief Wenwu, no. 8 (1994), figs. 3, 7; Zhichun, "Mineralogical
Zhongguo yuqi quanji, vol. 3 properties ofjade is from Wen Inquiries into Chinese
representing the paradise landscape of a goddess andjing, "A Geoarchaeological Neolithic Jade," Tlie Journal of
reflecting the sophisticated level to which this art (Shijiazhuang: Hebei meishu Chinese Jade 1 (1996); and
chubanshe, 1993}, figs. 1, 7-9, Study" p. 3. Hansford, Chinese Carved Jade,
could be perfected. It is understandable, then, that 11-17.
Wen5. See ibid., p. 3; and P-39-
the Chinese identified jade philosophically with the Fig. 11. After Xichuan Xiasi
celestial sphere, immutable and indestructible, the Chunqiu chumu (Beijing: Guang,"Bian yu" 12. Zhejiang sheng wenwu
material embodying the vital energy of nature. Wenwu chubanshe, 1991), ("Distinguishing Jade"),
Wenwu, no. 7 (1992), pp. 75—80. kaogu yanjiu suo et al., ed.,
fig. 82:1, p. 100. Liangzhu wenhua yuqi ("Jades of
6.WuTanghai, Renshi guyu the Liangzhu Culture")
Fig. 12. After Zhongguo yuqi ("Understanding Ancient
Jade") (Taibei: Zhonghua (Beijing: Wenwu chubanshe,
quanji, vol 3 (Shijiazhuang: minguo ziran wenhua xuehui,
Hebei meishu chubanshe, 1993), 1994); Hayashi Minao, 1990), p. 11.
figs. 23, 23-27; Jades from the "Liangzhu wenhua yuqi
wenshi de diaoke jishu" ("The 13. For two examples of the
Tomb of the King of Nanyue Art ofWorking Liangzhu Jade bone graph // ("rite/ritual"),
see Li Xizoding,Jiaguwenzijishi
(Hongkong: Woods Publishing, —Decor"), in Xu Huping, ed., ("Explanation and
Commentary on Oracle Bone
i99i)> figs- 8, 10, pp. 28, 30. Dongfang wenming zhiguang Graphs"), vol. I (Nangang:
Liangzhu wenhua faxian 60- Zhongyang yanjiu yuan lishi
Fig. 13. After Jades from the zhounian jinian wenji ("The yuyan suo zhuankan 50), p. 49.
Light of Oriental
SOURCES FOR FIGURES Tomb of the King of Nanyue 14. Willetts, Chinese Art, p. 90;
—Civilization Collected Essays
Fig. i . After Elizabeth Childs- (Hongkong: Woods Publishing, Yuan Kang, Yue jue situ, ed.
Johnson, "Jades of the Hongshan in Commemoration of the Qian Peiming, vol. 13 (Beijing:
Culture," hits Asiatiques 36 1991), pi. 133. Zhonghua chubanshe, 1985),
(1991), Jig. i, p. 83. 60th Anniversary of the p. 5S; or Yue jue shu, Sibu
Fig. 14A. After Zhongguo Discovery of Liangzhu congkan ed., vol. 62, p. 93b.
meishu quanji, vol. 9 Culture") (Nanjing: Nanjing
Fig. 2. After Elizabeth Childs- bowuyuan, 1996), 15. See Childs-Johnson. "The
Johuson, unpublished paper. (Shijiazhuang: Hebei meishu pp. 338-47; Zhang Minghua, Jade Age,"* pp. 1-3.
chubanshe, 1993), pi. 219, "Liangzhu guyu cong lun"
Fig. 3. After Liangzhu wenhua pp. 120—21. ("Discussion of the Ancient 16. Elizabeth Childs-Johnson,
yuqi (Beijing: Wenwtt chnbanshc, "Jades of the Hongshan
Fig. 14B. After Zhongguo Jade Cong of Liangzhu"), Culture, the Dragon and
1989), pi. 1. meishu quanji, vol. 9 Fertility Cult Worship" Arts
Dongnan wenhua, no. 2 (1992), Asiatiques 56 (1991). pp. S2-95.
Fig. 4. After Zhongguo wenwu (Shijiazhuang: Hebei meishu pp. 112—19; and S. Howard
chubanshe, 1993), fig. 223, p. 79. Hansford, Chinese Carved Jade
bao (December 31, 1995), fig. i, (London: Faber and Faber,
NOTES
p. 3; and Xu Huping, ed. i. Sfutowen jiezi gulin, ed. Ding 1968).
Dongfang wenming zhiguang
Fubao (Shanghai:Yixue shuju, 7. Wang Zunguo, "Liangzhu 17. See. for example, the bone
[Nanjing: Nanjing bowuyuan, 1930); see also the translation wenhua 'Yu jian cang' shuluo" graph for "cloud" (yim) in Li,
in S. Howard Hansford, Chinese
wtf,M iz p- w- Jade Carving (London: ("Analysis of the 'Jade Shroud* Jiaguwenzi, vol. 1 1 , p. 3459.
> Humphries, 1950), p. 31, cited of the Liangzhu Culture"),
in William Willetts, Chinese Art, Wenwu, no. 2 (1984), p. 33.
Fig. 3. After Wenwu, no. 2 vol. 1 (New York: George 18. Childs-Johnson, "Jades of
(1988), figs. 19-20, p. 12; Gems of Braziller, 1958), pp. 53-62. the Hongshan Culture," p. 95.
the Liangzhu Culture: From
the Shanghai Museum 2. Elizabeth Childs-Johnson, 8. For the argument that shark 19. See, for example. Dawenkou
teeth were used, see Zhang
Exhibition (Hongkong: Urban "The 'Jade Age' and Minghua, "Liangzhu guyu de (Beijing: Wenwu chubanshe.
Incipient CivilizatiomThe kewen gongju sin shemma"
Council, 1992), no. 89, p. 224; Archaeological and Artistic ("What Are the Tools Used to 1974), figs. 6, 8.
Evidence for Jade as a Power Work Early Jade of the
Wenwu, no. 2 (1984), fig. 9, Symbol during the Late Liangzhu Culture?"), Zhongguo 20. For the division ot
Neolithic of ca. 3600- wenwu bao (6 December, 1990),
p. 119. 2000 BCE" (paper presented at p. 1; Zhang Minghua,
"Stones from Heaven," Ancient "Liangzhu guyu eonglun"
Chinese Jade Symposium, Los ("Discussion of Liangzhu I iangzhu jades into categories
Angeles County Museum of Jade"), Dongnan wenhua, no. 1
Fig. 6A. After Deng Shaping, Natural History, 24 March ('993). PP- 112-14; and for the of weapons, costume
Gugong xueshu jikan 10 (1992), 1996); and Elizabeth Childs- argument on the diamond
Johnson, Ritual and Power: Jades point, sec I [ayashi Minao, ornament, and implements for
figs. 1-2. ofAncient China (New York: "Liangzhu wenhua yuqi,"
China Institute, 1988). ritual use, see Childs-Johnson,
p. 338.
Fig. 7. After Elizabeth Childs- 3. Wen Guangandjing Ritual and PoiveT, pp. [9—22; and
Johnson, "'Symbolic Jades oj the
Zhiehun."A Geoarchaeologic.il Zhejiang wenwu ehu, ed..
Erlitou Period" Archives of Study of Chinese Archaic
Asian Art 48 (1995), fig. 2, p. 66. Jade." iSrh Percival David Liangzhu guyu ("Ancient Jade
—Foundation Colloquy on Art and o( 1 (Hang
Archaeology in Asia Chinese Liangzhu'
Jades (London: University ol )
London. [995), pp. H6-18.
Zhejiang wenwu chubanshe.
1996), pp. to"
Fig. 8. After Elizabeth Childs- J fane! I >ouglas, persona] ii. Bian Fcngshi,"! iangzhu
Johnson, "Symbolic Jades of the communication with the wenhua de tenqi yu ntand.u"
Erlitou Period" Archives of author, 7 December. [996. ("The Periodization and
Asian Art 48 (1993), fig. 23, p. 85; Chronology of die Liangzhu
fig. 1, p. 65. 10. The mmer.il composition Culture"), Zitongyuaii wenwu,
Fig. 9. After Huaxia kaogu, no, 3 and microstructure ofjade can 57; and
Song Jian. "Lun Liangzhu
W,(1992), Jig 2:3-4, P- also be measured b) F LIR wenming de xing&huai
guocheng" ("Concerning the
Zhongguo yuqi quanji, vol. 2 (Fouriers transform infrared
irion of the City-State of
(Shijiazhuang: Hebei meishii absorption spectrometry) and die Liar
chubattshe, 1003). pi. 296. (paper presented at Liangzhu
Mi>\ SI scanning .'. wenhua guoji taolunliui
mi< ros< op}
Fig. 10. After Wenwu, no. 1
(i994),fig$. 18, 38—39; Wenwu,
JADE AS MATERIAL AND EPOCH 67
