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[International conference on
Lianzhu culture], Yuhang,
Zhejiang, 1—4 November
1996). For an English summary
of Song's paper, see Elizabeth
Childs-Johnson, "The
International Symposium on
Liangzhu Culture," Early China
News 9 (1996), p. 28.
22. As used by Li Wenming and
Wu Rongqing, "Zhongguo
wuqiannianqian de 'tuzhu
—jinzita' -Jiangsu Kunshanshi
Zhaolingshan yizhi ji qi chutu
wenwu" ("The Five-
Thousand-Year-Old Earthen
—Pyramid of China The
Remains and Relics Unearthed
at Zhaolingshan, Kunshanshi,
Jiangsu"), Longyu wenwu yishu
(1993) 17, pp. 24-32.
23. Che Guangjin,"Yu cong
yu Sidun yizhi" ("The
Remains of Sidun and the Jade
Cong"), Zhongguo wenwu bao
(31 December 1995), p. 3;
reprinted in Xu, ed., Dongfang
wanning, pp. 371-73.
24. Ji Jianfang, in "Liangzhu
wenhua mucang yanjiu"
("Research on Burials of the
Liangzhu Culture"), in Xu, ed.,
Dongfang wenming, fig. 12,
p. 191, proposes a slightly
different design which he
describes as a patriarchal clan
cemetery mound at
Zhaolingshan (see fig. 4B in
this essay). Zhang Zhiheng,
"Liangzhu wenhua juluo qun
de tezheng" ("Special
Characteristics of Settlement
Groups of Liangzhu Culture"),
Zhongguo wenwu bao (7 April
1996), p. 3, reviews evidence
for a similar structure at
Mojiaoshan, although this site
also possesses significant
remains of columned
foundations.
25. Che, "Yu cong yu Sidun
yizhi," p. 3.
26. For an example of the ideal
structure of the nnngtang and
piyong based on the square and
Wucircle, see Nelson (Wu
Nosun), Chinese and Indian
Architecture (New York: George
Braziller, 1963), pp. 40-41, pis.
129-30; and Nancy Steinhardt,
Traditional Chinese Architecture
(New York: China Institute,
1984), pp. 70-77, pis. 3-1-3-4
27. FanYuzhou,"Yinxu buci
zhong de 'wu' yu 'wu di'"
JADE AS MATERIAL AND EPOCH
('"Wu' and 'wu di' in Yinxu
Inscriptions"), Nanfang wenwu,
no. 2 (1994), PP- H5-I9-
28. See, for example, a
reference to this myth in the
Huainanzi, in John Major,
Heaven and Earth in Early Han
Thought: Chapters Three, Four,
and Five of the Huainanzi
(Albany: State University ot
New York Press, 1993), p. 49;
and in David Hawkes, Ch'tt
Tz'u: Tlie Songs of the South
(Oxford: Clarendon Press,
1959). P- 47-
29. Major, Heaven and Earth,
PP- 38-39-
30. Mou Yongkang, "Dongfang
shiqian shiqi taiyang chongbai
de kaogu xue guancha"
("Archaeological Investigation
of Sun Worship in the East
During the Neolithic"),
Gugong xucshu jikau 12 (1995),
p. 4; Mou Yongkang, "Liangzhu
yuqi shang shen chongbai de
tansuo" ("Discussion of Deity
Worship ot Liangzhu Jades"),
Qtngzhu Su Bingqi kaogu
wuslnwu nian lunwenji
("Collected Essays Celebrating
Fifty-five Years of Su Bing's
Archaeological Research")
(Beijing: Wenwu chubanshe,
Wu1989), p. 186; and Ruzuo,
"Luolun Changjiang, Huanghe
Hang Huyu shiqian shiqi de
taiyangshen congbai"
("Discussion of Sun God
Worship Along the Two River
Valleys ot the Yellow River
During the Neolithic"),
Huaxia kaogu, no. 2 (1996),
pp. 75-85.
31. Zhejiang sheng wenwu,
ed., Liangzhu wenhua yuqi,
p. 184.
32. Elizabeth Childs-Johnson,
"Symbolic Jades of the Erlitou
APeriod: Xia Royal Tradition,"
Archives of Asian Art 48 (1995),
pp. 64-90.
33. See, for example, Lin
Huadong, Hemudu wenhua
chutan ("Preliminary Discussion
of the Hemudu Culture")
(Hangzhou: Zhejiang renmin
chubanshe, 1992), pp. 159-66,
and fig. 6—3, p. 161, pi. 4, top.
34. For example, see Chang
Ping-ch'uan, "A Brief
Description of the Fu Hao
Oracle Bone Inscriptions," in
K. C. Chang, ed.. Studies of
Shang Archaeology (New Haven:
Yale University Press, 19S6),
pp. 121-40.
35. For example, see Chang
Cheng-lang, "A Brief
Discussion of FuTzu,"in
Chang, ed.. Studies of Shang
Archaeology, pp. 103-20.
36. Yinxu Fu Hao mu ("The
Burial of Fu Hao atYinxu)
(Beijing: Wenwu chubanshe,
1980), pp. 114-15. For an
English translation of the
original site report, see
Elizabeth Childs-Johnson,
Excavation of Tomb No. 5 at
Yinxu, Anyang, Chinese
Sociology and Anthropology
Series, vol. 15, no. 3 (Armonk,
N.Y.: M. E. Sharpe, 1983), p. 83. p. 1.
37. Kaogu yanjiu suo, ed.,
Shatigcunliug Guoguo mudi
("The Cemetery of the Guo
State at Shangcunling")
(Beiiing: Kexue chubanshe,
1959), pi. 21:8—10.
38. For the site report on this
tomb, see Kaogu yanjiu suo,
ed.,"Sanmenxia Shangcunling
Guoguo mudi M2001 fajue
lianbao" ("A Brief Excavation
Report ot Tomb No. 2001 at
the Cemetery of the Guo State
at Shangcunling, Sanmenxia"),
Huaxia kaogu, no. 3 (1992),
pp. 104-13.
39. For a very recent discovery
of an early Western Han jade
burial suit, see the report on
the burial of Liu He at the
Han imperial burial center
near Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province,
in Zhongguo wenwu bao
(20 October 1996), p. 1.
40. See Kaogu yanjiu suo, ed.,
Shangcunling Guoguo mudi,
pp. 48-54, and pp. S3-85
(English summary).
41. According to the site
report, numerous other jades
such as bi,gui,ge, cong, handle-
shaped pieces, tigers, deer,
dogs, ox heads, horse heads,
birds, turtles, and fish lay on
top of the coffin cover; Kaogu
yanjiu suo, ed., "Sanmenxia
Shangcunling Guoguo," p. 1.05.
42. This is identified in part by
Zhang Changshou, "Xi Zhou
—de cangyu 1983— 1986 man
Fengxi fajue ciliao zhi ba"
("Burial Jades of the Western
—Zhou Excavated Material at
Fengxi, from 1983 to 1989"),
Wenwu, no. 9 (1993), pp. 55—59.
For other examples, see jade
masks illustrated in Luoyang
Zhongzhoulu, (Beijing: Kexue
chubanshe, 1959); see also
Kaogu yanjiu suo, ed.,
—"Tianma Qucun yizhi
Beizhao Jinhou mudi disanzi
yu disizi fajue" (The Third and
Fourth Excavations of the
Cemetery of the Marquis ot
—Jin at Tianmu Qucun
Remains"), Wenwu, no. 8
(1994), pp. 4-33. For the
recently excavated jade face
mask ofWestern Han date
from Changqingxian,
Shandong, see Zhongguo
wenwubao (10 October 1996),
43.J.J. M. de Groot, The
Religious System of China
(reprint, Taibei: Chengwen,
1969), chap. 3, pp. 269-74.
44. Yili ("The Classic of
Rites"), Sibu congkan ed.,
Vol. 12.
45. Hawkes, Ch'tt Tz'u,
pp. 105-9.
46. Jade trom other, earlier
contexts was often reused to
—make face masks for example,
for those buried in the Jin state Cache of the Tang Dynasty
cemetery at Beizhao, Tianma-
Qucun, Shanxi Province; see
Wenwu, no. 1 (1994), p. 27.
"Pseudo-jade" was used to
create burial suits for some
occupants ot the Nanyue
tombs (tomb No. 2); see Wen
Guang "Xi Han Nanyue
wangmu yuqi di zhi kaogu xue
yanjiu" ("Geological and
Archaeological Research on
Jades from the Royal Tomb of
the King of Nanyue"), Gugong
xuexujikan 11, no. 1 (1993),
pp. 9—30; and Wen Guang, "Yu
yu min guyu" ("True and
Pseudo-Jade"), Gugong wenwu
yuekan 11, no. 4 (1993),
pp. T26-37.
47. See Henan sheng wenwu
yanjiu suo, ed., Xichuan Xiasi
Chunqiti Chumu ("The Chu
Tombs of the Spring and
Autumn Period at Xiasi,
Xichuan") (Beijing: Wenwu
chubanshe, 1991), p. 98, and
fig. 82:1, p. 100. For the
identification of the female
belonging to tomb No. 1 trom
which the jade derives, see
p. 324; for the jade, see also
Zhongguo meishu quanji, 9: Yuqi
68
("The Complete Arts of
China, 9:Jade") (Shijiazhuang:
Hebei meishu chubanshe,
1993), pi. 108, and p. 40. This
jade is probably unfinished
since there is a lack of
corresponding detail on one of
the upper sides; one side of the
piece lacks the corresponding
filler detail of the claw and
scale motifs. This piece may be
compared with one similar in
size and shape from the
Cunguoji burial at Lianjiaxian,
Shandong; ibid., pi. 103.
48. Representative examples of
this popular jade dragon type
are illustrated in Zhongguo yuqi
quanji 3: Clutnqiu Zhanguo
("The Complete Set of
Chinese Jade 3: Spring and
Autumn and Warring States
Periods") (Shijiazhuang: Hebei
meishu chubanshe, 1993),
pis. 36-40, 132-33, 209, 213-15.
49. For the site report on
Huangshantou, Anxiang,
Hunan Province, see "Hunan
Anxiang Xi Jin Liuhong Mu"
("The Tomb of Liuhong ot the
Western Jin at Anxiang,
Hunan") Wenwu, no. 11 (1993),
pp. 1-12.
50. For the site report on
Hejiacun, Xi'an, Shaanxi
Province, see "Xi'an Nanjiao
Hejiacun faxianTangdai
jiaocang wenwu" ("The
Cultural Relics from the
Discovered at Hejiacun,
Nanjiao, Xi'an"), Wenwu, no. 1
{1972), pp. 30-42.
51. For an explanation of the
origin of the lion in China, see
Laurence Sickman and
Alexander Soper, The Art and
Architecture of China, (reprint,
Harmondsworth: Penguin
Books, 1984), pp. 61-62.