Page 141 - Chinese and japanese porcelain silk and lacquer Canepa

that ‘many sets of porcelain arrived, many of the ships carrying two or three thousand
80 The remains of this shipwreck have never been
excavated. In Western Cape, a large quantity of Kraak sets, with twenty pieces each’, he was referring to sets of the mass-produced Kraak
porcelain was found on and near the archaeological
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remains of a survivor’s campsite from the São porcelain. The number of Lisbon merchants selling porcelain at the time seems
Gonçalo shipwreck, which had been moored to extremely low. As noted earlier, almost forty years earlier the Venetian ambassadors to
undergo repairs when it sank in a storm. The São
Gonçalo was carrying Kraak porcelain of both fine Lisbon mentioned that there were four or six shops, and even then that seemed low.
and coarse quality. The finds include shards of dishes,
bowls or klapmutsen (this term will be discussed in Undoubtedly, future research will bring to light other written sources that will prove
the following pages of this Chapter) and covered that many more shops or merchants sold porcelain in Lisbon.
boxes as well as shards that formed part of an
elephant-shaped kendi. I am grateful to Jane Klose, Material from archaeological excavations at various urban and religious sites
Historical Archaeology Research Group, University of
Cape Town, for providing me with an image of these in Macao, Goa and Mombasa provides further evidence of the variety of Kraak
latter shards. Published in Canepa, 2012/1, p. 261, and Zhangzhou porcelain traded by the Portuguese, and most importantly of the
fig. 4; and Antonia Malan and Jane Klose, ‘Porcelain
at the Cape of Good Hope in the 17th century’, in predominance of Kraak. In Macao, intact pieces and shards of large quantities of
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Van Campen and Eliëns, 2014, p. 160, fig. 11. The
elephant appears to have been the most common Kraak porcelain were excavated from the sites of the gardens of the Santo Agostino
form of Kraak zoomorphic kendi, as a considerable church and Rua da Judaria. Shards that formed part of dishes, bowls, cups and kendis
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number of extant examples are found in public and
private collections. Visual sources also attest to their were also found at Rua Central and Rua Das Estalagens. Recently about 100 shards,
popularity. This may have been due to the fanciful
way in which liquid was poured from the vessel. When most of them Kraak, were unearthed during renovations from the sites of Rua dos
used liquid spurts from the two tusks and crosses a Mercadores (originally the area where the port of Pak Van was situated) and Rua dos
few centimeters below. For a discussion on elephant-
shaped kendis, see Vinhais and Welsh, 2008/2, Ervanários. These shards provide ample evidence of the wide variety of shapes and
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pp. 188–193, no. 28 and pp. 194–195, no. 29. For
general information on the shipwreck and porcelain, decorations of the porcelain traded by the Portuguese. In addition, a shard that formed
see Andrew B. Smith, ‘Excavations at Plettenberg
Fig. 3.1.1.19 Blue-and-white bowl from the Fig. 3.1.1.22 Kraak shards of a plate Fig. 3.1.1.24 Fragment of a Kraak plate Bay, South Africa of the camp-site of the survivors of part of the centre of a dish decorated with deer in a landscape was found at Penny’s Bay
Wanli shipwreck (c.1625) excavated at the church of Our Lady of excavated at the former convent of the wreck of the São Gonçalo, 1630’, The International in Hong Kong, where the Portuguese traded clandestinely before 1557. A number of
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Jingdezhen kilns, Jiangxi province Grace, Velha (Old) Goa Santana, Lisbon Journal of Nautical Archaeology and Underwater
Ming dynasty, Tianqi/Chongzhen reign Jingdezhen kilns, Jiangxi province Jingdezhen kilns, Jiangxi province Exploration, 15.1 (1986), pp. 53–63; Esterhuizen, 2001, Kraak shards that formed part of dishes and kendi have been excavated at the church
(1621–1644) Ming dynasty, Wanli/Chongzhen reign Ming dynasty, Wanli reign (1573–1620) pp. 111–116; Vieira de Castro, 2005, p. 29: Canepa, of Our Lady of Grace, popularly known as St. Augustine, which was built on the Holy
© Sten Sjostrand (1573–1644) © Mário Varela Gomez and Rosa Varela Gomez 2008–2009, p. 62; and Canepa, 2012/1, pp. 261–262, Hill at Velha (Old) Goa in 1602 (Figs. 3.1.1.22 and 3.1.1.23). The French navigator
figs. 5 and 6.
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© Archaeological Survey of India (ASI), Goa 81 A naveta was a swift ship of galliot type, of a size of
Fig. 3.1.1.20 Zhangzhou blue-and-white bowl Fig. 3.1.1.25 Fragments of a Kinrande around 300-tons. Souza, 1986, p. xii. François Pyrard de Laval (1578–1623) who stayed in Goa between June 1608 and
from the Wanli shipwreck (c.1625) Fig. 3.1.1.23 Fragment of a Kraak kendi plate excavated at the former convent of 82 Shards of a large vase were recovered from a cave February 1610, in his Voyage de Pyrard de Laval aux Indes orientales (1601–1611),
Zhangzhou kilns, Fujian province excavated at the church of Our Lady of Grace, Santana, Lisbon in Bonza Bay near East London, where survivors are
Ming dynasty, Tianqi/Chongzhen reign Velha (Old) Goa Jingdezhen kilns, Jiangxi province thought to have sought refuge after the shipwreck. describes the Royal Hospital where he was a patient as ‘the finest in the world’, and
(1621–1644) Jingdezhen kilns, Jiangxi province Ming dynasty, Wanli reign (1573–1620) Mentioned in Canepa, 2008–2009, p. 62; and Canepa, states that it is ‘managed and governed by the Jesuits’ and the food was served in
2012/1, p. 261.
© Sten Sjostrand Ming dynasty, Wanli/Chongzhen reign © Mário Varela Gomez and Rosa Varela Gomez 83 A few Kraak shards have been found at Cefane, where
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(1573–1644) the Nossa Senhora de Atalaya do Pinheiro wrecked. porcelain. Both Kraak and Zhangzhou porcelain were found during excavations at
Fig. 3.1.1.21 Fragment of a Zhangzhou © Archaeological Survey of India (ASI), Goa Excavations at the site of the survivor’s camp of this Fort Jesus, situated in the old port of Mombasa in Kenya, which was built by the
blue-and-white saucer dish from the wreck in the nearby sand dune yielded eight shards Portuguese in 1593 and remained occupied by them until it fell to Omani Arabs in
Wanli shipwreck (c.1625) of Ming blue-and-white porcelain. Images of these
Zhangzhou kilns, Fujian province shards have not been published, thus it has not been 1698. These archaeological finds and documentary references serve as examples of
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possible to identify them. Mentioned in Canepa,
Ming dynasty, Tianqi/Chongzhen reign 2012/1, p. 261. the wide distribution of porcelain in Portuguese settlements in Asia.
(1621–1644) 84 Shards of Kraak jars, lids, plates and dishes all
© Sten Sjostrand decorated with panelled borders were recovered In Portugal, archaeological finds at both secular and religious sites in Lisbon,
from the Santíssimo Sacramento. This carrack, part of Oporto, Coimbra, Leiria, Silves, Tavira and Lagos not only demonstrate that
the same fleet as the Santa Maria Madre de Deus and
of stylized flower-heads, made at private kilns of Jingdezhen for the Chinese domestic A few intact dishes and plates along with shards the Nossa Senhora de Atalaya do Pinheiro, left Goa considerable quantities of Kraak and other fine late Ming porcelain from Jingdezhen
of pear-shaped bottles, dishes and plates with after being detained for four years due to a Dutch
market (Fig. 3.1.1.19). In addition, the shipwreck yielded a small bowl decorated continuous, panelled or pomegranate borders blockade. Canepa, 2012/1, p. 261. were imported into the motherland in the late sixteenth and early seventeenth
90
were recovered from the wreck site. For general 85 The Nossa Senhora da Consolação, which sank in
with a shou character and a shard of a saucer dish with a diamond-shaped panel and information on the shipwreck and its cargo, see front of the San Sebastian Fortress during the Dutch centuries, but also that they were highly prized by the royalty, nobility and clergy. In
trigram decoration, both made of Zhangzhou blue-and-white porcelain (Figs. 3.1.1.20 Simonetta L. Afonso (ed.), Nossa Senhora dos siege to Mozambique Island. After repeated failed Lisbon, shards of a number of Kraak plates dating to the Wanli reign with continuous
Mártires: The Last Voyage, exhibition catalogue, attempts by the Dutch to steal the carrack while
and 3.1.1.21). The latter blue-and-white and Zhangzhou pieces together with a small The Pavilion of Portugal, Expo ’98, Lisbon, 1998; Luis on anchor at the bay laden with cargo from India or panelled rim borders (Fig. 3.1.1.24), blue-and-white bowls, as well as shards from
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Filipe Monteiro Vieira de Castro, The Pepper Wreck: and waiting to resume her trip to Lisbon, it was set
number of shards of similar porcelain pieces found on and near the archaeological A Portuguese Indiaman at the Mouth of the Tagus on fire together with another ship to avoid capture a blue-and-white plate with Kinrande decoration (Fig. 3.1.1.25) were excavated from
remains of a survivor’s campsite from the shipwreck São Gonçalo (1630), demonstrate River, unpublished PhD Thesis, Texas A&M University, by the Dutch. Written documents state that not six cesspits at the former convent of Santana, the largest female convent in the capital
2001; Castro, Fonseca and Wells, 2010, pp. 14–34. everything was salvaged from the ship. So far, the
that in the 1620s and into the 1630s the Portuguese merchants were shipping to For a discussion and images of the porcelain cargo, wreck site has yielded only two Kraak pieces: a plate under the patrimony of John III, and after his death that of Catherine of Austria.
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see Brigadier, 2002, pp. 69–80; and Inês Alexandra (now reconstructed) and a globular kendi, which
Portugal some blue-and-white porcelain made for the domestic market as well as a Duarte Pinto Coelho, A Cerâmica Oriental da Carreira bears a white hare mark on its base. I am grateful to Shards of 14 plates and 3 bowls, including some Kraak with continuous or panelled
small quantity of the thicker and more crudely finished porcelain made at private kilns da Índia no contexto da Carga de uma Nau – A Alejandro Mirabal for providing me with images of borders dating to the Wanli reign, and other Jingdezhen blue-and-white dating to
Presumível Nossa Senhora dos Mártires, unpublished these porcelain pieces. For general information on
in Zhangzhou prefecture (Appendix 2). MA Thesis in Archaeology, Universidade Nova de the shipwreck and its cargo, see Alejandro Mirabal, the earlier Zhengde to Jiajing reigns, were also found among the ceramic material
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Lisboa, 2008, pp. 104–145. Pinto Coelho mistakenly Intermediate Report on Underwater Archaeological
Considering the Kraak and other porcelain finds from the shipwrecks discussed catalogued a group of Kraak shards as Zhangzhou Excavations off the Island of Mozambique and recovered from a water cistern at the former convent of São Francisco.
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above it is likely that when Father Nicolau de Oliveira in his Livro das Grandezas de porcelain in pp. 146–158. Also see Canepa, 2008– Mogincual, Arqueonautas Worldwide S.A., January In northern Portugal, a few small blue-and-white porcelain shards, including
2009, pp. 62–63, fig. 1; and Canepa, 2012/1, p. 263, 2006; Canepa, 2012/1, pp. 261–262, figs. 7 and 8;
Lisboa of 1620, stated that 17 merchants were selling porcelain in Lisbon and also figs. 12 and 13. and Alejandro Mirabal, The Excavation of the Nossa Kraak, were excavated from a seventeenth century context at the Arca de Mijavelhas site
140 Silk, Porcelain and Lacquer Trade in Chinese Porcelain 141