Page 33 - Art In The Age Of Exploration (Great Section on Chinese Art Ming Dynasty)

ping of the Atlantic islands see Cortesao 1969-1971, 33. Grosjean 1977, 82; Pliny, Natural History, x, 11.3-4, relations of the Roman world with the Far East see
2:55—60; see also Charles Bourel de La Ronciere, La already linked the phoenix with Arabia; for this tra- John Ferguson, "China and Rome," Aufstieg und
decouverte de I'Afrique au moyen age. Cartographes dition see Heimo Reinitzer, "Vom Vogel Phoenix. Niedergang der romischen Welt, eds. Hildegard
et explorateurs, 2 vols. (Cairo, 1924—1935), 2:1—41. Uber Naturbetrachtung und Naturdeutung," in Temporini and Wolfgang Haase, 2.9.2 (Berlin and
For an up-to-date account, Campbell 1987, 410-411. Natura loquax. Naturkunde und allegorische Natur- New York, 1978), 581-603, and Manfred G. Raschke,
14. See Campbell 1987, 410; see also Samuel Eliot Mori- deutung vom Mittelalter bis zur fruhen Neuzeit, "New Studies in Roman Commerce with the East,"
son, The European Discovery of America. The eds. Wolfgang Harms and Heimo Reinitzer (Mikro- in Temporini and Haase 1978, 604—1378.
Northern Voyages, A.D. 500-1600 (Oxford, 1971), kosmos. Beitrage zur Literaturwissenschaft und 47. For Marco Polo's travels see n. 37, above. For a short
81-111. Bedeutungsforschung 7) (Frankfurt, 1981), 17-72, account see Lach 1965, 1.1:34-38. On the Silk Road
15. Grosjean 1977, 53. and Christoph Gerhardt, "Der Phonix auf dem see, for example, Hans-Joachim Klimkeit, Die
16. For this part of Africa see Grosjean 1977, 62-63. diirren Baum (Historia de preliis, cap. 106), in Seidenstrasse. Handelsiveg und Kulturbrucke zwis-
17. Grosjean 1977, 62-63. For the discovery of Africa Harms and Reinitzer 1981, 73-108. chen Morgen und Abendland (Cologne, 1988).
see La Ronciere 1924-1935. 34. Isidore, Etymologiarum librixu, 7:22. 48. For a history of the Mongols see Boyle 1968,
18. For the representation of unknown lands in cartog- 35. For European accounts of Mecca and Medina in the 303-421.
raphy see Wilcomb E. Washburn, "Representation Middle Ages, see Kammerer 1929-1952, i:esp. 49. For the various references to Amazons in the Far
of Unknown Lands in xiv-, xv-, and xvi-century 136-144. East see Hallberg 1906, 20-23; f° r tne Island of
Cartography/' Revista de Universidade de Coimbra 36. Grosjean 1977, 79, 81. For Jani'-Beg see J. A. Boyle, Women see also Pelliot 1959-1973, 2:671-725.
2 4 (i97i)> 3°5-3 - "Dynastic and Political History of the Il-Khans," in 50. Grosjean 1977, 88-89.
22
19. For the Val de Sus or Val de Durcha on portolans see The Cambridge History of Iran, ed. J. A. Boyle, 5 51. Grosjean 1977, 89; Pelliot 1959-1973, 2:771-773,
Youssouf Kamal, Monumenta Cartographica Africae (Cambridge, 1968) 408, 420; for Tauris and its king 830. On the Catalan Atlas Malao is shown, a second
et Aegypti, 5 vols. (Leiden, 1926-1953), 4.4:1474- see Hallberg 1906, 518-522; Paul Pelliot, Notes on time on the Island de Trapobana: Grosjean 1977, 93.
1475. On the depiction of Africa on Catalan maps Marco Polo, 3 vols. (Paris, 1959-1973), 2:847-848; 52. Pelliot 1959-1973, 2:787-788.
see La Ronciere 1924-1935, 1:129-141 (for the and Alfons Gabriel, Marco Polo in Persien (Vienna, 53. For the tomb of Saint Thomas in India see Hallberg
Catalan Atlas, see also 121-129, pi. xi). On the 1963), 69-76. 1906, 355-356; Leslie Wilfried Brown, The Indian
characteristic form of the Atlas Mountains, Campbell 37. Grosjean 1977, 81; see also 84—85; Atlas Catalan, Christians of St. Thomas. An Account of the
19^7'393- 1975, 52-53. For Marco Polo's Description of the Ancient Syrian Church of Malabar (Cambridge,
20. Grosjean 1977, 63. World see Marco Polo, The Description of the World, 1956), 54-59. For early European reactions to Indian
21. For Mansa Musa, see Basil Davidson, Old Africa eds. Arthur Christopher Moule and Paul Pelliot, 2 art, Partha Mitter, Much Maligned Monsters. His-
Rediscovered (London, 1959), 90-95; Raymond vols. (London, 1938), 1-2. For an Aragonese version tory of European Reactions to Indian Art (Oxford,
Mauny, "Le Soudan occidental a 1'epoque des grands see Juan Fernandez de Heredia, Aragonese Version of *977)-
empires/' in Histoire generale de I'Afrique noire, ed. the Libro de Marco Polo (Madison, 1980). For vari- 54. Grosjean 1977, 87. For Kebek Khan of the C/iag/zatai
Hubert Deschamps, i (Paris, 1970), 193—195; Nehe- ous studies see Leonardo Olschki, L'Asia di Marco Khanate see Boyle 1968, 405, 408, 421.
mia Levtzion, "The Western Maghrib and Sudan/' in Polo. Introduzione alia lettura e allo studio del 55. Grosjean 1977, 88; Atlas Catalan, 1975, 53. See
The Cambridge History of Africa, ed. Roland Oliver, Milione (Venice and London, 1957) and Pelliot 1959- Pliny, Natural History, vi, xxn.jo, vn, 11.26, and x,
3 (Cambridge, 1977) 380-382. He is also shown on 1973; also the various articles in Oriente Poliano. xxx.58; for classical and medieval texts see Hallberg
various portolans: Kamal 1926-1953, 4.4:1475. Studi e conferenze ...in occasione del vn centenario 1906,418-421.
22. For a map of his empire see Mauny 1970, 194, map della nascita di Marco Polo (1254-1954) (Rome, 56. Grosjean 1977, 86; At las Catalan, 1975, 53. Megas-
8. For the control of gold, Levtzion 1977, 488—491. *957)- thenes was the first to mention this practice.
23. Grosjean 1977, 53. For Angelino Dulcert's chart of 38. For Hormus in the Persian gulf, Pelliot 1959, 1:576- 57. Polo 1938, 1:387 (chap. 174).
1339, Mollat du Jourdin and La Ronciere 1984, 201, 582; for Quilon see 399-402. The Periplus of the 58. Grosjean 1977, 87-88; Atlas Catalan, 1975, 52.
i. .
P 7 Erythrean Sea, a Roman text written in Greek c. 50 59. Polo 1938, 1:396 (chap. 175).
24. Grosjean 1977, 70. A.D., lists the towns on the coast of India from the 60. Grosjean 1977, 86; also Atlas Catalan, 1975, 51-52.
25. Grosjean 1977, 78. For the Kings of Organa and Indus to the Ganges: see Wilfred Harvey Schoff, For Gog and Magog and Alexander's gate see
Nubia on portolan maps see Kamal 1926-1953, The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea. Travel and Trade Andrew Runni Anderson, Alexander's Gate, Gog
A.A:-iA7S—-iA76. in the Indian Ocean by a Merchant of the First Cen- and Magog, and the Inclosed Nations (Cambridge,
26. Kamal 1926—1953, 4.4:1476. He is also sometimes tury (London, 1912). Mass., 1932); Hallberg 1906, 225—230, 260—265. f° r
placed in Asia; for his location there on maps see 39. Grosjean 1977, 84. For the boat see Joseph Needham this subject on maps see Jorg-Geerd Arentzen,
Ivar Hallberg, L 'Extreme-Orient dans la litterature with collaboration of Wang Ling and Lu Gwei-Djen, Imago mundi cartographica. Studien zur Bildlichkeit
et la cartographie de I'Occident des xme, xive et xve Science and Civilisation in China 4.3 (Civil Engi- mittelalterlicher Welt-und Okumenekarten unter
siecles (Goteborg, 1906), 281-285. On Prester John, neering and Nautics) (Cambridge, 1971), 4.3:471- besonderer Beriicksichtigung des Zusammenwirkens
see, for example, Robert Silverberg, The Realm of 473, fig. 977b; I have used their description verba- von Text und Bild (Munich, 1984), 180—182, 215—
Prester John (New York, 1972). tim. For Marco Polo's description of Chinese ships 216.
27. On Prester John in Ethiopia see Silverberg 1972, see Polo 1938,1:354-357 (chap. 158). 61. Grosjean 1977, 86, for the inscription. For the vari-
163-192. 40. Curtin 1984, esp. 109-135, for example. ous accounts of the legend, Anderson 1932, esp. 83-
28. For the importance of camels for African trade see 41. For a summary of the early explorations, John 85, 101.
Richard Williams Bulliet, The Camel and the Wheel Horace Parry, The Age of Reconnaissance (London, 62. For that scene see Grosjean 1977, 86.
(Cambridge, Mass., 1975), esp. 7-27 and 111-140; 1963), 131-145. 63. Grosjean 1977, 90.
Philip D. Curtin, Cross-cultural Trade in World His- 42. For information on these figures see Grosjean 1977, 64. Grosjean 1977, 90; Polo 1938,1:216-217 (chap. 86):
4
tory (Cambridge, 1984), 21. 8 . "his... honor has himself guarded day and night
29. Grosjean 1977, 54. For the camel and the elephant 43. Polo 1938, 1:113 (chap. 31) specifies that it is from with twelve thousand paid horsemen." We are also
on the Catalan Atlas, see George 1969, 42-43; Sava that "the three Magi set out." And it is in that told, as on the Atlas, that they are led by four cap-
Atlas Catalan, 1975, 46. city that they "are buried in three sepulchres or tains each commanding three thousand of them. For
30. Grosjean 1977, 76; Atlas Catalan, 1975, 35, n. 19; tombs very great and beautiful." For Sava and its the Far East in the Catalan Atlas see also Henri
see also Kamal 1926-1953, 4.4:1475. association with the Magi, Hallberg 1906, 438-440; Cordier, "L'Extreme-Orient dans 1'Atlas Catalan de
31. For the importance of Quseir, Albert Kammerer, La Pelliot 1959-1973, 2:826; Gabriel 1963, 86-88. Charles v, Roi de France," Bulletin de geographie
Mer Rouge, I'Abyssinie et I' Arable depuis I'antiquite. 44. Grosjean 1977, 80: for the source of this account see historique et descriptive 1895 (1896), 19-63. For
Essai d'histoire et de geographie historique, 3 vols. Polo 1938, 1:148-150 (chap. 57). Kublai Khan see Pelliot 1959-1973, 1:565-569.
(Cairo, 1929-1952), 1:81-82. On the whole area of 45. Hallberg 1906, 316-318; for the identification of the 65. Grosjean 1977, 90-91; see Polo 1938, 1:212 (chap.
2:
the Red Sea, Abyssinia, and Arabia in the Middle town, Pelliot 1959-1973, 77°- 85). For Cambaluc (Beijing) see Hallberg 1906,102-
Ages see Kammerer 1929-1937, i. 46. See, for example, Donald F. Lach, Asia in the 106, and Pelliot 1959-1973,1:140-143. For Chris-
32. For Sheba and its queen in geographical literature Making of Europe. The Century of Discovery, 2 tians in China in the Middle Ages see Arthur Chris-
see Hallberg 1906, 437-440. vols. (Chicago and London, 1965), 1.1:5-19. On the topher Moule, Christians in China Before the Year

32 CIRCA 1492