Page 514 - Art In The Age Of Exploration (Great Section on Chinese Art Ming Dynasty)

demic of smallpox killed almost half the remain- NOTES
ing population. 22 1. Columbus and his companions did not record 13. The Guanahatabeys are often called Ciboneys, but
Assimilation also played an important role in enough information for scholars to be able to iden- ethnohistorical research has shown that the latter
the Tamos' disappearance. There was such a tify his landfall precisely. The possibilities are sum- term actually applies to a group of Tamos in central
San
marized in Donald T. Gerace, Proceedings, First
El uso
de la termino-
Cuba.
See Ricardo E. Alegria,
shortage of European women in the colony that Salvador Conference, Columbus and His World, logia etno-historica para designar las cultures
its men married Tamo women, often in the Held October jo-November 3,1986 (Fort Lauder- aborigenes de las Antillas (Cuadernos Prehispanicos,
church and with the approval of the authorities. dale, 1987). We have used the version of Columbus' Valladolid, 1981).
These women were absorbed into the dominant routes presented by Samuel Eliot Morison in 14. Jose Juan Arrom, Fray Ramon Pane, Relacion acerca
Life
Ocean Sea: A
of
the
Admiral
of
Christopher
El primer
Spanish society; their children were neither Columbus (2 vols., Boston, 1942). de las antigiiedades de los indios: (Mexico City, tratado
1988).
escrito en America, 8th edition
Indians or Spaniards but forerunners of a new 2. Oliver Dunn and James E. Kelley, Jr., The Diario of 15. For summaries of the archaeological and linguistic
mestizo population. 23 Christopher Columbus' First Voyage to America, research see Rouse, Migrations in Prehistory: Infer-
Some Tamos escaped into the thickest woods, Abstracted by fray Bartolome de Las Casas ring Population Movement from Archeological
where they were able to survive for a time, but (Norman, 1989), 65. Remains (New Haven, 1986), 126-151 and Rouse,
inaccurately used in place
eventually became absorbed into the Spanish 3. The term Arawak is often British West Indies. The 16. forthcoming. the language
Linguists have been able to identify
of
Taino, especially in the
population. The escapees were called indios people who called themselves Arawaks were limited spoken at the time and in the places occupied by the
alzados and later cimarrones, a term which was to the area around the mouth of the Orinoco River. Saladoid peoples and to assign it to the Arawakan
shortened to maroon in English. Others fled to See Irving Rouse, The Tainos: Rise and Fall of the family. They have concluded that it diverged into
neighboring islands not yet controlled by the People Who Greeted Columbus (New Haven, forth- Igneri in the southern part of the Lesser Antilles
Spaniards, where they, too, were eventually coming). and into Tamo in the rest of the islands (Rouse,
engulfed by the wave of conquest. A few took 4. Dunn and Kelley 1989, 65-67. 17. forthcoming, fig. 9). The Early Spanish Main
Dunn
and Kelley 1989,
67-69.
5.
Carl Ortwin
Sauer,
refuge among the Island-Caribs, who were able 6. Dunn and Kelley 1989, 75. (Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1966), 37-79; Alfred W.
to maintain their independence until the Brit- 7. Dunn and Kelley 1989, 71-73. Crosby, Jr., The Columbian Exchange: Biological
ish, Dutch, and French subdued them during 8. Marco Polo, The Travels, trans. Ronald Lathem (Har- and Cultural Consequences of 1492 (Westport,
the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. mondsworth, 1958), 248. Conn., 1972), 165-207.
9.
With the conquest of the Aztec empire in 10. Dunn and Kelley 1989, 217. the Life and Voyages of 18. Rouse 1986, 116; Rouse, forthcoming.
19.
For more information
on
about the zemis and their
Journals
and
Documents
the 15205 and the Inka empire in the 15305, the Christopher Columbus, trans, and ed. Samuel Eliot worship, consult Jose Juan Arrom, Mitologia y artes
Spanish crown lost interest in the West Indies. Morison (New York, 1963), 21-23. prehispdnicas de las Antillas, segunda edicion,
By that time, however, a viable colony had been 11. Antonello Gerbi, Nature in the New World: From corregida y ampliada (Mexico City, 1989).
established in Hispaniola, Puerto Rico, and Christopher Columbus to Gonzalo Fernandez de 20. The practice of inhaling cohoba powder goes back to
Cuba. From this base the colonists depopulated Oviedo, trans. Jeremy Moyle (Pittsburgh, 1986), Saladoid time (Rouse, forthcoming). The Tainos pro-
seeds of a tree endemic to their
duced it from
the
the other Tamo islands, seeking workers to 12. 53-54- the term Carib generically to heartland (Arrom 1988,19-20).
The Tamos employed
replace the dwindling number of encomiendas refer to the inhabitants of all the small islands to the 21. Our knowledge of the Tamos' courts and their uses
in their midst, and they further broadened their east and south of Puerto Rico, regardless of their is summarized by Ricardo E. Alegria in Ball Courts
pool of labor by importing slaves from all parts cultural affiliation, and the Spaniards followed suit. and Ceremonial Plazas in the West Indies, Yale Uni-
of the Caribbean mainland and from Africa. Archaeological research has shown that the protohis- versity Publications in Anthropology 79 (1983).
of the
Islands and most
toric people of the
Virgin
Sauer
By 1550 the remaining encomiendas had been Leeward group had the Tamos' culture, if not also 22. Arrom 1966, 203-204; Rouse, forthcoming.
23.
makes these points in more detail and with
absorbed into the new mestizo society, and the their language. See Louis Allaire, "The Archaeology ample documentation in Las dos caras de la con-
Tainos had ceased to exist as a separate people. of the Caribbean/' in The World Atlas of Archaeol- quista: De las opuestas imdgenes del otro al debate
ogy (Boston, 1985), 370-371, and Rouse, forthcoming. sobre la dignidad del indio (Madrid, forthcoming).

THE AMERICAS 513