Page 520 - Art In The Age Of Exploration (Great Section on Chinese Art Ming Dynasty)

7. For a different hypothesis, see Karl A. Nowotny, Origin of Museums, edited by Oliver Impey and History of Collections 2 (1990), engr. 173, and 185
Mexikanische Kostbarkeiten aus Kunstkammern der Arthur Macgregor (Oxford, 1985), 241. n. 21, figs. 8 and 13. See also the African in Burg-
Renaissance im Museum fur Volkerkunde Wien und 18. Metraux 1928,140-148. For Tupinamba feather kmair's woodcuts (fig. 4 in this essay).
in der Nationalbibliothek Wien (Vienna, 1960), 10- cloaks in various European museums, Feest 1985, 22. Rupprich 1956,1:171; Goris and Marlier 1971, 91.
12, who proposed that the discs represent the sun 242-243. For specific studies, Alfred Metraux, "Une 23. For a good account, Panofsky 1943,179-181. For the
and moon, and that another in feather work also rarete ethnographique du Musee de Bale. Le man- manuscript version, Franz Winzinger, Die Minia-
described by Cortes stands for Venus. For the teau Tupinamba," in Actes de la Societe helvetique turen zum Triumphzug Kaiser Maximilian i.
e
Aztecs, the word for gold was teocuitlatl (excrement des sciences naturelles, io8 session annuelle 2 Faksimileband und Kommentarband (Graz, 1973);
of the gods). The association with the sun, it seems, (1927), 227-228; J.-S. Harry Hirtzel, "Le manteau for the printed work, Stanley Appelbaum, The
was made only by the Inkas: for them gold and de plumes dit de 'Montezuma' des Musees Royaux Triumph of Maximilian i (New York, 1964).
silver were respectively the sweat of the sun and the du Cinquantenaire de Bruxelles," in Proceedings of 24. Appelbaum 1964,18-19, for the translation.
tears of the moon. See Andre Emmerich, Sweat of the Twenty-third International Congress of 25. The German words meaning Indian (indisch and
the Sun and Tears of the Moon. Gold and Silver in Americanists (New York, 1930), 649-651; Alfred indianisch) were also ambivalent in the early six-
Pre-Columbian Art (Seattle, 1965), xix. Metraux, "A propos de deux objets Tupinamba du teenth century: see Georg Friederici, Amerikanis-
8. Bernardino de Sahagun, Florentine Codex. General Musee d'ethnographic du Trocadero," Bulletin du tisches Worterbuch (Universitat Hamburg.
History of the Things of New Spain, translated by Musee d'ethnographie du Trocadero 3 (1932), 3-11; Abhandlungen aus dem Gebiet der Auslandskunde
Arthur J. O. Anderson, 13 vols. (Santa Fe, 1953- M. Calberg, "Le manteau de plumes dit 'de Monte- 53, Reihe B. Volkerkunde, Kulturgeschichte und
1982), 13:11-13 and 15. zuma,'" Bulletin de la Societe des americanistes de Sprachen, 29) (Hamburg, 1947), 313-315.
9. For Pirckheimer's and Diirer's interest in hiero- Belgique 30 (1939), 103-133; Annemarie Seiler Bal- 26. For these woodcuts, see Appelbaum 1964, pis. 129-
glyphics, see Karl Giehlow, "Die Hieroglyphenkunde dinger, "Der Federmantel der Tupinamba im 130. For a study of these works, Honour 1975,14;
des Humanismus in der Allegoric der Renaissance/' Museum fur Volkerkunde Basel," Atti del ...Con- Hugh Honour, The European Vision of America
Jahrbuch der kunsthistorischen Sammlungen des gresso Internazionale degli Americanisti 2 (1974), [exh. cat. Cleveland Museum of Art] (Cleveland,
allerhochsten Kaiserhauses 32 (1915), 1-232, and 433-438; Berete Due, "A Shaman's Cloak," folk, 1975), no. 5; Sturtevant 1976, 420-421; Colin 1988,
Erwin Panofsky, Albrecht Dtirer, 2 vols. (Princeton, Dansk etnografisk tidsskrift 21—22 (1979—1980), 335-336 no. M.5.
1 943)/ 77~ 79- 257-261; Karen Stemann Petersen and Anne 27. For such garters see Metraux 1928,178-179.
1
1
10. Campbell Dodgson, "Albrecht Durer (1471-1528): Sommer-Larsen, "Techniques Applied to Some 28. For Tupinamba bows see Metraux 1928, 71-73; E.
Sun and Moon, with a Basilisk...," Old Master Feather Garments from the Tupinamba Indians, G. Heath and Vilma Chiara, Brazilian Indian Arch-
Drawings 7 (1933), 14—15, pi. 19; and Walter L. Brazil," Folk, Dansk etnografisk tidsskrift 21-22 ery (Manchester, 1977), 29-45; J- Peter Whitehead,
Strauss, The Complete Drawings of Albrecht Durer, (1980), 263-270; Laura Laurencich-Minelli and Sara "Pictorial Record of a 17th. Century Tupinamba Bow
6 vols. (New York, 1974), 3:1354-1355, no. 1513/9. Ciruzzi, "Antichi oggetti americani nelle collezioni and Arrows," Zeitschrift fur Ethnologie no (1984),
11. Horapollo, Hieroglyphica, 1.1; for a translation, del Museo Nazionale di Antropologia e Etnologia di 111-125.
George Boas, The Hieroglyphics of Horapollo (New Firenze: due mantelli di penne dei Tupinamba," 29. For the rapid introduction of steel axes, Hemming
York, 1950), 57. Archivio per I'antropologia e la etnologia 111 (1981), 1978, 9. Indians are represented working with steel
12. Walter L. Strauss, The Book of Hours of the 121-142. axes in various early maps of South America; see for
Emperor Maximilian the first); (New York, 1974); 19. Wilberforce Eames, "Description of a Wood Engrav- example Honour in Cleveland 1975, no. 17 and Hugh
for the most important studies, Karl Giehlow, Kaiser ing Illustrating the South American Indians (1505)," Honour, L'Amerique vue par I'Europe [exh. cat.
Maximilians i. Gebetbuch mit Zeichnungen von Bulletin of the New York Public Library 26 (1922), Grand Palais] (Paris, 1976-1977), 26-28, nos. 17 and
Albrecht Diirer und anderen Kunstlern (Munich, 755-761, pi.; Georg Leidinger, "Die alteste bekannte i 7a.
1907); and Panofsky 1943, 182-190. Abbildung sudamerikanischer Indianer," Gutenberg 30. See note 17.
13. For folio 4ir, Strauss Diirer 1974, 3:1536, no. 1515- festschrift. Zur feier des 25 jdhrigen Bestehens des 31. Honour in Cleveland 1975,14, rightly observed that
31; Strauss Maximilian 11974, 81. See also Hugh Gutenbergmuseums in Mainz (Mainz, 1925), 179- it is the first representation of corn in European art.
Honour, The New Golden Land: European Images of 181, pi.; Rudolf Schuller, "Die alteste bekannte 32. For these drawings, Colin 1988, 336-337, nos. M.6
America from the Discoveries to the Present Time Abbildung sudamerikanischer Indianer," in A. Peter- and M.7; John Rowlands, The Age of Diirer and Hol-
(New York, 1975), 13, ill.; William C. Sturtevant, manns Mitteilungen 71 (1925), 21—24, ill.; Rudolf bein. German Drawings, 1400-1500 [exh. cat. Brit-
"First Visual Images of Native America/ 7 first Schuller, "The Oldest Known Illustration of South ish Museum] (London, 1988), 187-188, nos. i58a
Images of America, edited by Fredi Chiappelli American Indians," Indian Notes 7 (1930), 484-497, and b, pi. xxm.
(Berkeley-Los Angeles-London, 1976), 423, ill., ills.; F. W. Sixel, "Die deutsche Vorstellung vom 33. These may have been preparatory drawings for
and Susi Colin, Das Bild des Indianers im 16. Jahr- Indianer in der ersten Halfte des 16. Jahrhunderts," prints that were never executed.
hundert (Idstein, 1988), 333-335, no. M.4. Annali lateranensi. Annali del Pontificio museo 34. For this work, see Cleveland 1975, no. 4, ill.; Colin
14. The Vulgate has "Domini est terra et plenitude eius missionario etnologico 30 (1966), 89, fig. 2; Colin 1988, 331-332, no. M.i, with further references.
orbis et habitatores eius quia ipse fundavit eum et 1988,186-187 - Bio, fig. 5. Native Americans did 35. This sentence is borrowed from Honour 1975, 53.
no
super flumina stabilivit ilium." not have feather skirts: see Hugh Honour, "Science See Paul H. D. Kaplan, The Rise of the Black Magus
15. See for example John Hemming, Red Gold: The and Exotism: The European Artist and the Non- in Western Art (Ann Arbor, 1985).
Conquest of the Brazilian Indians (London, 1978), 5. European World before Johan Maurits," in A 36. Coral in the early sixteenth century came mainly
16. For the fundamental studies of the material culture Humanist Prince in Europe and Brazil: Johan from the Mediterranean; see Wilhelm Heyd, His-
of Tupinamba Indians, see Alfred Metraux, La civili- Maurits von Nassau (1604—1679] (The Hague, 1979), toire du commerce au Moyen-Age (Leipzig, 1887),
sation materielle des tribus Tupi-Guarani (Paris, 277- 609—610. The mounting of the earring is clearly
1928); and Alfred Metraux, "The Tupinamba," in 20. For Tupinamba leather shields (tapiroussou), see European. For native American earplugs see
Julian H. Steward, ed., Handbook of South Ameri- Metraux 1928, 84; they were often painted or deco- Metraux 1928,170—171. For coconuts and mounted
can Indians 3, Smithsonian Institution. Bureau of rated with feathers. None seem to have survived. coconuts, Rolf Fritz, Die Gefdsse aus Kokosnuss in
American Ethnology. Bulletin 143 (Washington, 21. Metraux 1928,130-136; Metraux 1948,105; for Mitteleuropa, 1250-1800 (Mainz am Rhein, 1983).
1948), 95-133- such a bonnet, see Bente Dam-Mikkelsen and 37. For Brazilian arrows, see Heath and Chiara 1977, 59-
17. For this war club, La Renaissance et le Nouveau Torben Lundbaek, Ethnographic Objects in the Royal 66 and 142-164; also Whitehead 1984,111-124.
Monde [exh. cat. Musee du Quebec] (Quebec, 1984), Danish Kunstkammer, 1650-1800 (Copenhagen, 38. For studies of early European images of American
102 no. 35, ill. For such weapons, see A. B. Meyer 1980), 28, no. and fig. £115932.The sandals in Indians see especially Honour 1975; Sturtevant
and M. Uhle, Seltene Waff en aus Afrika, Asien und Diirer's drawing are probably African as are those 1976; Honour 1979 and more recently Colin 1988.
Amerika, Konigliches Ethnographisches Museum zu found in a woodcut by Hans Burgkmair (in Allago) Interesting material is also found in the following
Dresden 5 (Leipzig, 1885), 5, pi. 9,4; Metraux 1928, based on Balthasar Springer's travel account first catalogues: Cleveland 1975; Paris 1976; and Karl-
S
80-83, ^8 - 5~6, and Metraux 1948,122, figs. 7b, 8, published in 1508. For this woodcut and early depic- Heinz Kohl, ed., My then der Neuen Welt. Zur
9, and 13. For Tupinamba war clubs in European col- tions of African sandals see Ezio Bassani and Letizia Entdeckungsgeschichte Lateinamerikas [exh. cat.
lections, Christian F. Feest, "Mexiko and South Tedeschi, "The Image of the Hottentot in the Seven- Martin-Gropius-Bau] (Berlin, 1982). For American
America in the European Wunderkammer," in The teenth and Eighteenth Centuries," Journal of the artifacts collected in Europe in the sixteenth century,

THE AMERICAS 5*9