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Aquaphotomics also provided detection of ovulation period in giant panda using urine31,32 even when the hormonal changes during ovulation were in the range of only few nanograms. Similarly, determination of fertile window in Bornean orangutan was achieved on Aquaphotomics analysis of urine45 and in dairy cows using milk46. These were the frst applications for of Aquaphotomics as a reagent-free method for ovulation period detection solely based on the changes of water matrix of bodily fuids.
Another direction of Aquaphotomics applications is in evaluation of therapy effects and therapy monitoring. For example, in a study of skin cream, the assessment of skin condition before and after application of cream was done completely non-invasively, using Aquaphotomics approach47,48. In therapy monitoring, Aquaphotomics was proposed for non-destructive, continuous, real-time monitoring of dialysis effcacy49. In contrast to conventional ways of estimating therapy effects and therapy monitoring, which are usually performed in discrete time points, and rely on measurements of only few chosen indicators, Aquaphotomics allows integrative, holistic monitoring of therapy effects based on the cumulative effects of all the changes therapy produced, on water molecular matrix of body fuids or body tissues.
The applications described here are only selected examples of a vast variety already performed and under development. Certainly, they are only the tip of the iceberg of Aquaphotomics potential. The unique opportunity which Aquaphotomics provides that we can in real time, in an integrated manner have information about the water molecular system in the living organisms, opens a possibility of devising novel insights in to the infuence of various factors and to manipulate their conditions to bring them into a certain desirable state.
Further information: Jelena Muncan, Roumiana Tsenkova*, Biomeasurement Technology Laboratory, Graduate School of Agricultural
Science, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan, *E-mail: rtsen@kobe-u.ac.jp, www.aquaphotomics.com
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References
1. Ball, P. Water as a Biomolecule. Chem Phys Chem 9, 2677–2685 (2008).
2. Ball, P. Life’s matrix: Water in the cell. Cell. Mol. Biol. 47, 717–720 (2001).
3. Tsenkova. Aquaphotomics: Dynamic Spectroscopy of Aqueous and Biological Systems Describes Peculiarities of Water. J. Near Infrared Spectrosc. 17, 303–313 (2009).
4. Tsenkova, R. Aquaphotomics: The Extended Water Mirror Effect Explains Why Small Concentrations of Protein in Solution Can Be Measured with near Infrared Light. NIR news 19, 13–14 (2008).
5. Tsenkova, R. Aquaphotomics: Extended water mirror approach reveals peculiarities of prion protein alloforms. NIR news 18, 14–17 (2007).
6. Tsenkova, Munćan, J., Pollner, B. & Kovacs, Z. Essentials of Aquaphotomics and Its Chemometrics Approaches. Front. Chem. 6, 363 (2018).
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