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o Aminoglycosides

Time dependant killing

 Time for which drug remains above MIC is proportional to killing
ability of drug

o Penicillin and cephalosporin

Unwanted effects of antibiotics

 Reactions due to toxic effects of antibiotic

 Hypersensitivity reactions

 Super infections (second infection superimposed on earlier one)

Spectrums of Drug

Broad spectrum

Antibiotic that acts against a wide range of disease-causing bacteria.

 Tetracycline, chloramphenicol etc.

Narrow spectrum

Agents that act on a single or limited group of microorganisms

 Isoniazid against mycobacteria

Extended spectrum

Agents that are effective against gram (+) as well as gram (-) bacteria

 Ampicillin

Drug Combinations

Most infections can be treated with a single agent.
Situations in which combinations are prescribed
 To achieve broad antimicrobial activity
E.g. aminoglycoside plus a penicillin to treat septicaemia
Contents  To treat mixed bacterial infections

Pharmacology Mnemonics and Short Notes By Muhammad Ramzan Ul Rehman