Page 188 - SCANDAL AND DEMOCRACY

Notes to Pages 31–39 173

119 . “Indonesia Spells Out Steps Taken to Eradicate Suharto-Era Corruption,” AFP, Sep-
tember 1, 1998.
120 . “MPR Asked to Rule on Soeharto,” JP , October 22, 1998.
121 . Masyarakat Transparansi Indonesia, Penelitian Keputusan Presiden Yang Menyimpang
1993–1998: Laporan Akhir Tim Kerja Bidang Hukum (Jakarta: Masyarakat Transparansi Indonesia,
1999).

2. Delegitimating Authoritarianism
1 . Tim Wartawan, Buku Putih “Tempo”: Pembredelan Itu (Jakarta: Alumni Majalah TEMPO,
1994), 17–25.
2 . Ayu Utami, “A Letter from a Reporter,” in Banning 1994 , ed. AJI (Jakarta: AJI, 1994), 9.
3 . Marsillam Simanjuntak, “Unsur Hegelian dalam Pandangan Negara Integralistik” (MA
diss., University of Indonesia, 1989).
4 . Articulated more fully in his later book, Marsillam Simanjuntak, Pandangan Negara Inte-

gralistik (Jakarta: Grafiti Pers, 1994), 254.
5 . David Bourchier, “Totalitarianism and the ‘National Personality,’” in Imagining Indone-
sia: Cultural Politics & Political Culture , ed. Jim Schiller and Barbara Martin-Schiller (Athens: Ohio
University Center for International Studies, 1997), 221–22.
6 . Marsillam Simanjuntak, “Bicaralah dan Nyatakan!,” Tempo , September 15, 1993, 33,
cited in Indonesian Politics and Society: A Reader , ed. David Bourchier and Vedi Hadiz (London:
Routledge, 2014), 218.
7 . Robert W. Hefner, Civil Islam: Muslims and Democratization in Indonesia (Princeton, NJ:
Princeton University Press, 2011), 162.
8 . Bourchier, “Totalitarianism and the ‘National Personality,’” 227–28.
9 . Goenawan Mohamad, Sidelines: Thought Pieces from “Tempo” Magazine , trans. Jennifer
Lindsay (Jakarta: Lontar, 1994), 69.
10 . Ibid., 9–10.
11 . Ibid., 47–48.
12 . Ibid., 67–68.
13 . Ibid., 73.
14 . Ibid., 75–76.
15 . Goenawan Mohamad, Conversations with a Difference: Essays from “Tempo” Magazine , trans.

Jennifer Lindsay (Jakarta: PT Tempo Inti, 2002), vii–viii.
16 . Mohamad, Conversations with a Diff erence , vii.
17 . Mohamad, Sidelines , 65.
18 . Ibid., 47, 13.
19 . Y. B. Mangunwijaya, “The Indonesia Raya Dream and Its Impact on the Concept of
Democracy,” in Democracy in Indonesia: 1950s and 1990s , ed. David Bourchier and John Legge,
56–74 (Clayton, Victoria: Monash Papers, 1994), quoted in Angela Romano, Politics and the Press
in Indonesia: Understanding an Evolving Political Culture (New York: Routledge, 2003), 2.

20 . Soeharto, Pikiran, Ucapan, dan Tindakan Saya: Otobiografi, Seperti Dipaparkan kepada G.
Dwipayana dan Ramadhan K. H . (Jakarta: Citra Lamtoro Gung Persada, 1989), 549, translated by
Stefan Eklöf in Power and Political Culture in Suharto’s Indonesia (Copenhagen: NIAS Press, 2003), 113.
21 . Mohamad, Sidelines , 75–76.
22 . On Tempo’s provocative role, see Janet Steele, “Representations of ‘The Nation’ in
Tempo Magazine,” Indonesia 76 (Oct. 2003): 143.
23 . Philip Kitley, Television, Nation, and Culture in Indonesia (Athens: Ohio University Press,
2000), 245.
24 . Ibid., 180–186; personal observations of TVRI’s evening news program, Berita Nasional ,
three times weekly from June 15 to August 16, 1996.
25 . Kitley, Television, Nation, and Culture , 18.
26 . Ibid., 150, 169, 307.
27 . Sumita Tobing, “Development Journalism in Indonesia: Content Analysis of Govern-
ment Television News” (PhD diss., Ohio University, 1991), 4.
28 . Kitley, Television, Nation, and Culture , 176.
29 . Respectively, RCTI, TPI (Cipta Televisi Pendidikan Indonesia), Indosiar (Indosiar
Visual Mandiri), ANteve (Cakrawala Andalas Televisi), and SCTV (Surya Citra Televisi).