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Dr. Renato N. Pelorina gives his introduction to the topic
on review of related literature.

Dr. Renato N. Pelorina receives his certificate of appreciation
from Prof. Sedigo.

For the fourth speaker, Dr. Agnes C. Francisco, another faculty researcher of the College
of Arts and Sciences, talked about methods and methodology in the field of social sciences.
She first distinguished a ―method,‖ a technical step taken to do research, from the
―methodology,‖ a discussion of the underlying reason why particular methods will be used.
She said that the methodology portion of the research will answer questions on how the data
will be collected or generated and then analyzed, and clearly articulates the reasons why a
researcher has chosen a particular procedure or technique. She further stated that this
section specifically features how the data gathered must be treated in order to achieve the
objectives of the research. It also discusses problems that are anticipated and how they can
be minimized through the chosen methods. For her, this was very important because the
method a researcher chooses affects the results; thus, ―an unreliable method produces
unreliable results.‖ A faulty methodology brings about a ―domino effect,‖ affecting all other
aspects of the research and lessening the value of one’s findings. She mentioned the
important sections of the methodology section: the research design (whether quantitative or
qualitative, including the specific type or types to be used), the sampling technique (how the
data will be collected and what safeguard techniques will be used), the
respondents/participants or source/corpus for those studies involving discourse (who will
participate and how many) the research instrument, the unit of analysis (for coding in

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