Page 372 - Cambridge IGCSE Business Studies
P. 372
Cambridge IGCSE Business Studies Index
import tariffs 238, 307, 330 location decisions 236, 239 memorandum 126, 129
imports 299 marketing 192–193 Memorandum of Association 48
income, consumer 24, 142, 195 legal identity 52–53 micro-fi nance 254
income statements 272 leisure time 24 Microsoft 13
income tax 304–305 lenders middle management 94
incorporated businesses 52–54 business size preferences 220 middlemen 180
indirect taxes 304, 306–307 as stakeholders 63, 65, 292 see also distribution channels
induction training 115 see also banks minimum wage, legal 120
industrial action 364 less developed countries (LDC) 23 minutes of meeting 126
industrial markets 141 letters 125, 129 mixed economies 25
industrialisation 24 liabilities 277, 278, 279 mobile phone market 17
industry variations 32–33 liability, owner 48, 52–53 monetary policy see interest rates
infl ation 300 licensing 197 more developed countries (MDC) 23
informative advertising 183 limited companies 48–49, 96, 254, 277 mortgages 253
infrastructure 235 limited liability 48, 52–53 motivation
insurance costs 205 line graphs 161–162 benefi ts 73, 221
intangible products 15 liquidity 250, 263, 288–290 fi nancial rewards 79–82
integration 37–39, 38 loans, bank 252 infl uences 71–72, 84–85
interest rates 303, 308–309 local community 64, 65 and leadership styles 101
internal growth 37, 38 location 42 theory 74–78
internal recruitment 107 choosing 235–239, 236 motivators 77–78
internet multinational companies (MNC) 327, multinational companies (MNC) 327,
for customer surveys 158 331–334 331–334
as information source 155 long-term fi nance 246, 278
for promotion 188 long-term (non-current) liabilities 278 needs 9–10, 139, 143
see also e-commerce loss-leader pricing 173 Maslow’s Hierarchy 74–75
interviews 129 loyalty reward schemes 183 net cash fl ow 259
job 112 newspapers and magazines 155
market research 157, 160 mailshots see direct mail niche marketing 145, 146
inventories 205–206, 249 managers 96 non-current (fixed) assets 245, 248, 278
investors 291 control in large businesses 221 non-current liabilities 278
invoices 126 functions 98, 220 non-durable consumer goods 14
370 interest in fi nancial statements 291 non-financial rewards 79, 83–84
job advertisements 110–111 skills and expertise 42
job analysis 108 as stakeholders 63, 65 objectives 42
job creation 30 see also hierarchy public sector organisations 66
job description 109, 109 market domination 36, 40 purpose 57–58
job dissatisfaction 78 market-orientation 153 setting 101
job enlargement 83 market research 42 SMART 57–58
job enrichment 83 collecting information 153–160 social enterprises 60–61
job production 208, 210 presentation of results 160–162 types and examples 58–60
job redesign 83 market research agencies 155 observational research 156–157
job rotation 83 market segmentation 148–150 obsolescence 205
job satisfaction 83 market share 34, 36, 59 off -the-job training 116
joint ventures 51–52, 197, 333 market size 40, 154 oil, chain of production 22
just-in-time (JIT) inventory market skimming 172, 174 on-the-job training 115–116
control 207 marketing online surveys 158
budgets 185 operations management 203–204
Kaizen 207 costs 220 opportunity cost 12, 205
legal controls 192–193 oral communication 125, 128
labour 11 mass 146, 147 ordinary shareholders 48
labour costs 236, 237 niche 145, 146 organic growth see internal growth
labour productivity 73 role of 139–140 organisation charts 89–91, 90, 91
labour turnover 73 strategies 190–192 organisational structure 89–97
laissez-faire leadership 100, 101 see also market research organisations, business 25, 45–55, 45
land 11 marketing mix 164, 169–170, 190 see also franchises; joint ventures;
language for communications 132 markets limited companies; partnerships;
leadership styles 99–102 competition 143–145 sole traders
lean production 206–207 customer spending patterns 141–143 outsourcing 324
leasing 252–253 defi nitions 141 overdraft s 251
legal controls 53 foreign 193–196 owners, business 53–54, 62–63, 278
balance sheet 277 Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs 74–75 as stakeholders 65, 291
competition 144, 193 mass marketing 146, 147
employment issues 118–120 mass production see fl ow production packaging 166, 316
environmental issues 321–322 McDonald’s 50–51 part-time workers 113–114
foreign markets 196 meetings 126, 129 partnerships 47, 246
