Page 396 - INDONESIAN ISLAMIC CULTURE IN HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES

Tabel 3 Tabel 4 Tabel 5
Parties Voters % Parties Voters % Parties Voters %
PPP 18.743.491 29,3 PPP 20.871.880 27,8 PPP 13.701.428 18,8
Golkar 39.750.096 62,1 Golkar 48.334.724 64,3 Golkar 62.783.680 74,8

PDI 5.504.751 8,6 PDI 5.919.702 7,9 PDI 9.324.708 8,7
Total 63.998.338 100 Total 75.519.702 100 Total 85.809.816 100

Table 3 The 1977 Election However the New Order regime had its parties progress. The 1982 election which was the reason that, in 1987, its establishment and especially in the Table 5 1987 Election
Results own political aim, the Golongan Karya results can be seen in Table 4. the NU called on its members not vote 1970s and 1980s, the DDII continued to Results
Source: The General (Golkar) as the functional group, which The government designed and for the PPP. The 1987 election results criticize the government while it was busy Source: The General
Elections Commission was directly under the control of the implemented the policy that required showed a dramatic drop in the PPP’s setting up propagation bases in society. Elections Commission
(www.kpu.or.id) President himself. Moreover, this fusion all institutions, communities, and youth vote result after it replaced its former This DDII’s missionary movement in (www.kpu.or.id)
policy was followed by the obligation that organizations, including socio-political principle of Islam with the Pancasila. turn affected the development of Islamic
the all parties should be on the Pancasila organizations to adopt the Pancasila as The Masjumi’s disappointment with the propaganda on several campuses since
Table 4 1982 Election as their sole ideological foundation. their sole foundation. Of course, this policy the mid-1980s. Imaduddin Abdurahim,
Results Many saw this policy as an attempt to de- was opposed by the Islamic political party. Soeharto regime in general and the a young DDII activist who was also the
pressure it felt made Natsir to abandon
Source: The General Islamize Islamic parties. Nevertheless, the regime was so strong politics and shifted his struggle into head of da’wah on the central board
Elections Commission The results of the 1977 general election that in the end Islamic organizations had the field of dakwah, Islamic religion of the HMI (Himpunan Mahasiswa
(www.kpu.or.id) (Table 3) illustrates the segmentation no other option but to adopt this principle. propagation. In order to maintain the Islam, Islamic Students Association),
Although some clashes between Islamic
of the Indonesian political parties organization and the military had caused spirit and the political struggle of Islam, set up Islamic propagation on campus
and established the Lembaga Dakwah
because of the simplification of the party casualties, in general the government the former Masjumi activists set up the
system. The number of votes for the managed to control the situation and Dewan Dakwah Islamiyah Indonesia Kampus (Campus Propagation Agency,
LDK). From then on, Islamic propagation
Islamic parties that had joined the PPP it forced all citizens to adhere to the (the Islamic Propagation Council of mushroomed on university campuses.
decreased substantially while the Golkar, Pancasila’s principles. Indonesian, DDII) on May 9, 1967, M.
the New Order’s ruling party, won the Natsir and Anwar Haryono actively Soeharto’s experience as military
election with an extraordinarily large The Priok incident in 1984 was the most developed the organization. The DDII commander in combatting insurgencies
number of votes. tragic event during which the military activists continuously vented their in Indonesia made him very careful in
forces massacred countless Muslims unrelenting criticism from mosque’s dealing with Islamic groups in politics.
In order to strengthen his position, who opposed government policy. Their pulpits.The result was that the New Order In the early days of his tenure, Soeharto
Soeharto planned to restrict the influence resistance was led by Amir Biki, the regime became increasingly repressive took repressive measures against
of Islam in politics. Although they had imam of a mosque Imam in Priok. Other against the Islamic groups. According political Islamic groups. The antagonistic
been grouped together into a single acts of resistance and physical violence to Hefner in his Civil Islam, the target relationship between the state and Islam
party, the PPP, in the 1982 general also colored the implementation of the of the New Order regime’s repressive in the early Soeharto era led a new
election the Mulsim vote result had uniformity principle. Since 1985, the policy was political Islam and Islam that generation of political Islam to change
increased. That is to say, in terms of government had formally succeeded was institutionalized through political their strategy in order to realize Muslims’
percentage the result had decreased but to unify the ideology of parties and power, while the regime continued to aspirations.
the numbers of voters had increased. Of organizations in Indonesia. Pancasila embrace culture-based Islam. After
52
course, these developments were not was their only principle. The Golkar In addition to the Muslims’
in accordance with Soeharto’s design, also managed to solicit the Muslim 52. Robert W. Hefner. Civil Islam: Muslim and disappointment with the co-opted
Democratization in Indonesia (Princeton and
which was to ensure control over Islamic organizations’ support for the policy Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2000), pp.175- 180.

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