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36 SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATION

obtain several clues as to what factors might be operating in the current situation
and how the problem might be solved. Picking the right cases for study, and
understanding and correctly translating the dynamics to one’s own situation, are
critical for successful problem solving. It should be noted that case studies usually
provide qualitative rather than quantitative data for analysis and interpretation.
However, the application of case study analysis to certain organizational issues is
relatively easy. For example, a study of what contributes to the successful installa-
tion of a good MIS system in organizations similar to the one that is planning to
install it, and the practical application of that knowledge would be very functional.

Action Research
Action research is sometimes undertaken by consultants who want to initiate
change processes in organizations. In other words, action research methodology
is most appropriate while effecting planned changes. Here, the researcher begins
with a problem that is already identified, and gathers relevant data to provide a
tentative problem solution. This solution is then implemented, with the knowl-
edge that there may be unintended consequences following such implementa-
tion. The effects are then evaluated, defined, and diagnosed, and the research
continues on an ongoing basis until the problem is fully resolved.
Thus, action research is a constantly evolving project with interplay among
problem, solution, effects or consequences, and new solution. A sensible and
realistic problem definition and creative ways of collecting data are critical to
action research. An example of a situation where action research will be useful
is given below.

Example 2.4 The vice president of CDS Co. wants to introduce a new system of bookkeeping
that is likely to meet with some resistance from the Accounting Department.
Based on the past experience in the organization, the VP would like to seek a
solution to the problem of employee resistance.

There are several other methods of obtaining data for research purposes, such
as through focus groups, panels, observational studies, projective techniques,
and interactive media, as we shall see in Chapter 10.

SUMMARY

In this chapter we obtained a general understanding of what constitutes scientific research
and examined the hallmarks of scientific investigations. We also discussed, with examples,
the steps involved in the hypothetico-deductive method of studying a problem in order
to solve it. When managers realize the value of scientific investigation, they are able to
understand and readily accept the need for “good” research. This offers the opportunity
to effectively solve complex problems encountered at the workplace. The manager also
realizes that although organizational research cannot offer 100% accuracy in results,
choices and trade-offs among the various criteria of scientific investigation can be made
to obtain valid results for good decision making.