Page 1172 - Veterinary Toxicology, Basic and Clinical Principles, 3rd Edition

1104 SECTION | XVI Feed and Water Contaminants

VetBooks.ir TABLE 80.2 (Continued) a Upper Concentration Limit (mg/L)

Chemical
Toxic Effects
US EPA NAS Canadian
2
2
Nitrate (as N) Studies cited, too numerous to list here, 23 (NO 1 NO ) 100 100
2
3
2
2
2
2
involved concentrations from 90 to 4158 mg (NO 1 NO ) (NO 1 NO )
2
3
2
3
nitrate nitrogen/L in sheep, pigs, cattle,
2
2
2
(as NO ) chickens, turkeys, and guinea pigs 100 (NO 1 NO ) 440
3
2
3
Nitrite (as N) Studies cited, too numerous to list here, 3.0 10 10
involved concentrations from 20 to 240 mg
2
(as NO ) nitrite nitrogen/L in pigs, cockerels, poults, 10 33
2
chicks, laying hens, turkeys, rats, and guinea
pigs
41
Selenium Rats and mice @ 2 3mg Se /L, 2 3mg 0.05 0.05
61
Se /L: first concentrations decreased growth
and caused early deaths in males; later
concentrations caused no effects on growth or
longevity, but tumorigenic, third generation
failed to survive
Sulfate Cattle @ 100, 3590 mg/L: first concentrations 1000
decreased water and feed intake, and
creatinine excretion
Laying hens @ 2700 mg Na 2 SO 4 /L: reduced
egg production
Total dissolved 3,000
solids
Zinc Humans @ 5 mg/L: emetic 25 25.0 50
Rats @ 5 mg/L: increased mortality with
11 ppm Se in diet
Hens @ 2320 mg/L: decreased water
consumption; egg production stopped after
3 days; body weight decreased
Microorganisms 5000 coliforms/dL (average
of $ 2 samples/month),
20,000/dL (individual
sample)
Fecal coliforms 1000/dL (average of $ 2
samples/month), 4000/dL
(individual sample)
a
Summary of effects reported in Table 80.11 of NAS for the listed animals and at listed concentration or dosage.
the environment: Except, that, animals may be temporar- installations, stocking densities, and water quality shall
ily denied access to the outdoors in accordance with ensure that the developmental, physiological, and beha-
yy205.239(b) and (c)” (National Organic Program, 2000). vioural needs of animals are met” (“on Organic
No mention of drinking water appears in Article 14: Production and Labelling (Sic) of Organic Products and
“Livestock production rules” in the European Union’s Repealing Regulation (EEC) no 2092/91”, 2007).
organic production regulation (“on Organic Production
and Labelling (Sic) of Organic Products and Repealing DRINKING WATER QUALITY STANDARDS
Regulation (EEC) no 2092/91”, 2007), but water is FOR HUMANS
mentioned in Article 15 “Production rules for aquaculture
animals,” Paragraph 1.(b)ii (bold-faced font added): “hus- Drinking water quality standards for selected chemicals
bandry practices, including feeding, design of are listed in Table 80.4 that are published by the