Page 107 - Cote clinical veterinary advisor dogs and cats 4th

32 Adhesives and Glues Toxicosis

invasiveness into surrounding tissue being Chronic Treatment PEARLS & CONSIDERATIONS
the strongest characteristic of malignancy. Recurrent perianal tumors can occur in intact Comments
VetBooks.ir tion (e.g., proliferating cell nuclear antigen treatment options remain the same as for dogs • Neutering can result in complete or partial
dogs or dogs with hyperadrenocorticism. The
• Immunohistochemical markers of prolifera-
[PCNA]) are more strongly expressed in
tumor regression of perianal adenoma.
initially presenting with a tumor.
malignant tumors.
are candidates for more aggressive surgery
• Confirmatory testing for hyperadrenocorti- Possible Complications • Dogs with persistent or recurrent adenomas
cism, if applicable (p. 485) • Postoperative complications include tenes- and/or radiation therapy.
mus, hematochezia, fecal incontinence, • Cats do not have perianal sebaceous glands;
TREATMENT incisional dehiscence, rectal prolapse, peri- therefore, perianal adenoma or adenocarci-
rectal abscess, and stenosis. noma is not a clinically recognized entity in
Treatment Overview • Acute radiation complications include ery- this species.
The goals of treatment are to control the tumor thema and dry or moist desquamation of
and eliminate the source of androgens. perineal skin, and mild to moderate Prevention
colitis. Early neutering of male dogs is preventative
Acute General Treatment • Late radiation effects include rectal fibrosis for perianal adenoma.
• Perianal adenoma: neutering intact male dogs or stricture and chronic diarrhea.
results in full or partial tumor regression. Technician Tips
Tumors can also be resected marginally at the PROGNOSIS & OUTCOME • Tumors in the perineal region cause irritation,
time of the neuter to obtain tissue for biopsy. and pets can show signs of licking, scooting,
• Marginal resection and cryosurgery may • Perianal adenomas: good (recurrence rate < and tenesmus.
decrease the chance of tumor recurrence. 10%) • Perianal adenocarcinomas cannot be grossly
• Wide surgical resection is indicated for • Perianal adenocarcinomas: early, complete differentiated from perianal adenomas.
malignant adenocarcinoma. excision of small tumors can be curative.
• Wide resection may also be helpful in cases The metastatic rate at the time of diagnosis SUGGESTED READING
of persistent or recurrent adenoma tumors. is 15%, but this rate may increase late in Turek M, et al: Perianal tumors. In Withrow S, Vail
• Radiation therapy can be used for larger the course of disease. D, and Page R, editors: Small animal clinical
tumors or for those that do not regress after • Tumor stage predicts outcome for adeno- oncology, ed. 5, St. Louis, 2013, Saunders, pp
neutering. Radiation therapy can be used to carcinoma: 423-431.
reduce regrowth after incomplete excision. ○ Tumors < 5 cm; no distant metastasis: AUTHOR: Joanne L. Intile, DVM, MS, DACVIM
Preoperative radiation therapy may afford median survival, 24 months EDITOR: Kenneth M. Rassnick, DVM, DACVIM
the ability to perform a less aggressive initial ○ Tumors > 5 cm in diameter; no distant
surgery. metastasis: median survival, 12 months
• In dogs with concurrent hyperadrenocorti- ○ If local or distant metastasis: median
cism, control of that disease may be essential survival, 7 months
for tumor control (p. 485).

Adhesives and Glues Toxicosis

BASIC INFORMATION PHYSICAL EXAM FINDINGS • Ingestion of expandable polyurethane glues
• Tissue adhesions after ocular or dermal (containing isocyanates) is detrimental due
Definition exposure to super glues to space-occupying properties; can form an
Adverse physical effects caused by oral, ocular, • Presence of dried adhesive on the animal expanding gastric foreign body. This is more
aural, or dermal exposure to common household (skin, paws, fur, teeth, eyes, ears) likely to occur in dogs that chew the bottle
adhesives, including super glue, expandable • Abdominal distention/discomfort (polyure- of glue. These glues are usually mildly irritat-
polyurethane glue, and white glue thane/expandable-glue ingestion) ing. Expansion of glue is exothermic and
• Blepharospasm, epiphora, conjunctivitis, or damage to gastrointestinal (GI) mucosa can
Epidemiology keratitis with ocular exposure occur. The resulting foreign body is also
SPECIES, AGE, SEX • Hypersalivation, lethargy, anorexia with oral rough and can traumatize the GI mucosa
All animals of all ages and both sexes are exposure (all adhesives) during peristaltic contractions.
susceptible; exposure is more common in dogs. White glues: contain polyvinyl acetate in various
Dermal exposure in cats can result in clinically Etiology and Pathophysiology concentrations. They are mildly irritating to the
significant oral exposure (grooming). Super glues: mucous membranes but are not expandable.
• Contain ethyl-2-cyanoacrylate 60% to 100%
RISK FACTORS and poly(methylmethacrylate) 2% to 30% DIAGNOSIS
Availability of common household adhesives • Super glues (cyanoacrylates) cause rapid
in pet’s environment adhesion of body structures on contact. These Diagnostic Overview
glues are usually mildly irritating to the • For all glues: history and physical exam
Clinical Presentation mucous membranes. findings key to diagnosis; no confirmatory
HISTORY, CHIEF COMPLAINT Expandable polyurethane glue, industrial laboratory test exists.
• Accidental exposure to adhesives strength wood glue: • Super glue, white glue: diagnosis is based
• Hypersalivation, retching/gagging, vomiting, • Contain diphenylmethane diisocyanate and on observed or suspected exposure and/or
anorexia, lethargy after oral exposure (super polymethylene polyphenyl isocyanate in presence of glue on the skin or mucous
glue, polyurethane, white glue) various concentrations membranes and mild GI irritation signs.

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