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Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder 701

be confounding factors. Abnormalities related ○ Alternatively, calculate starting amount improvement in well-being and comorbidities
to cause of obesity, such as haircoat changes in a as is expected before an ideal BCS is achieved.
VetBooks.ir cism, may be noted. Dogresting energy requirement (70 × BW PROGNOSIS & OUTCOME Diseases and Disorders
dog with hypothyroidism or hyperadrenocorti-
=
[
. 075
)
current body weight inn kg]
Etiology and Pathophysiology
.
Obesity results when energy intake exceeds Cat = 08 × resting energy requirement Outcome depends on compliance and severity
of concurrent disease. Regaining excessive body
expenditure, but it has a heterogeneous patho- ( 70 × BW current body weighht in kg] . 075 ) weight is likely if feeding of controlled amounts
[
physiology that can involve genetics, diet, feeding is not practiced because fewer calories may be
habits, environment, and microbiota. • For accuracy and ease of adjustments, provide needed for rebound and to maintain an obese
daily target amount in grams rather than cup condition than before initial weight loss.
DIAGNOSIS or can amounts.
• Provide treat options if needed to make up PEARLS & CONSIDERATIONS
Diagnostic Overview no more than 10% of daily calories. Fruits
Identify any concurrent, predisposing, or and vegetables are recommended due to their Comments
resulting disorder. low energy density. Be sure pet owner is • Regular monitoring and owner diligence is
aware of foods that are dangerous for pets crucial to reverse obesity as well as to prevent
Differential Diagnosis (e.g., grapes, avocado). it in pets, especially those that are neutered.
• Ascites Owner education is paramount for success.
• Abdominal mass or organomegaly Behavior/Exercise • Troubleshooting to improve satiety may
• Hyperadrenocorticism • Increasing activity and exercise is encour- involve switching to another weight loss
• Pregnancy aged for mental and physical stimulation. diet with lower caloric density, dividing the
Consider food toys, training, walks and play, daily food amount over more daily feedings,
Initial Database and creating opportunities to chase or seek increasing food moisture content, or using
• A nutritional assessment should be performed all or part of food allowance. food toys.
for every animal at every visit (includes body • Restricting access to other food sources is
weight, BCS, and diet history). Compare important, especially in multipet households. Prevention
with historical data. All family members and visitors should be • Communicate benefits of obesity prevention,
○ BCS assesses body fat with visualization and aware of the weight loss plan. and provide guidance on appropriate diet
palpation. Each score above ideal represents types and amounts to feed.
5% increase in body fat corresponding to Drug Interactions • Promote activity and regular exercise,
10%-15% body weight (see Body Condi- Side effects of some medications, such as glucocor- especially in strictly indoor cats.
tion Score Charts for Dogs and Cats). ticoids or phenobarbital, may result in increased • Discuss the importance of regular assessment
• CBC, biochemistry panel, urinalysis, and appetite or decreased energy expenditure. to enable food adjustment to maintain ideal
thyroid panel to look for clues as to con- BCS, especially after neutering.
tributing or associated conditions Possible Complications
• Excessive loss of lean body mass if > 2% of Technician Tips
TREATMENT body weight is lost per week • Encourage use of gram scales to weigh
• Weight regain foods for accuracy and ease of adjustments
Treatment Overview • Hepatic lipidosis in cats to maintain target rate of loss.
Weight loss plans involve calorie restriction. • Poor satiety leading to begging, stealing, or • Encourage and provide positive reinforce-
Monitoring is critical to assess for potential scavenging ment to the owner when the animal meets
complications and evaluate rate of loss to make its weekly target goals for weight loss. Focus
adjustments as needed (p. 1077). Recommended Monitoring on the process rather than the end goal.
• Assess body weight at least once weekly • Technicians play a key role in continued
Nutrition/Diet initially and then every 2-3 weeks using support of weight loss efforts through fre-
• A veterinary therapeutic weight loss diet is the same scale. Review diet history at every quent client communication and feedback
recommended. recheck to ensure and reinforce compliance. regarding progress toward goals.
○ Reduced-energy density; increased nutrient- • Target loss rate is 1%-2% body weight per
to-calorie ratio, including higher protein; week. SUGGESTED READING
strategies for satiety such as higher-fiber • Adjust the daily caloric intake by 5%-10% Farcas AK, et al: Small animal obesity. Vet Clin North
and moisture content to maintain target rate of loss. Am Small Anim Pract 46:761-940, 2016.
• Calculate initial target of daily calories. • Counsel owners that depending on the AUTHOR: Aarti Kathrani, BVetMed, PhD, DACVIM,
○ Ideally, determine total current intake, animal’s BCS, it could take up to 1 year until DACVN
and reduce this amount by 20%. ideal body condition is reached, although EDITOR: Jennifer Larsen, DVM, PhD, DACVN

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

BASIC INFORMATION exaggerated in intensity, frequency, and duration Synonyms
given the inciting stimuli (i.e., expressed out of Compulsive disorders, stereotypies, stargazing,
Definition context). The behavior interferes with health air or fly snapping, spinning/tail chasing, self-
Mood/behavioral disorders characterized by and well-being. mutilation, OCD
repetitive, invariant, patterned behaviors that are
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