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771.e2 Perianal (Circumanal) and Tail (Supracaudal) Gland Hyperplasia

Perianal (Circumanal) and Tail (Supracaudal) Gland Hyperplasia Client Education
Sheet
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BASIC INFORMATION
• Perianal intradermal nodules (when hyper-
plasia has progressed to adenoma) the numerous, large glands. Hepatoid glands
are also encountered around the anus.
Definition • In intact males, testicular tumors may be • Circumanal and tail gland hyperplasia results
Hyperplasia of hepatoid glands (modified palpated (p. 962). from androgenic stimulus on the hepatoid
sebaceous glands) located on the perianal area • Hyperpigmentation of the scrotum, anus, glands.
and the dorsal and proximal surface of the tail and tail • Dogs with relative (intact male dogs) or
in dogs absolute (Leydig cell/interstitial cell tumors)
Etiology and Pathophysiology elevated androgen levels may develop tail
Synonyms • All dogs have an oval-shaped area on the gland hyperplasia, perianal gland hyperplasia,
• Perianal gland hyperplasia: circumanal gland dorsal surface of the tail over the fifth to or both.
hyperplasia seventh coccygeal vertebrae consisting of • Hyperadrenocorticism can induce elevations
• Tail gland hyperplasia: supracaudal gland hepatoid glands (modified sebaceous glands) in androgens from the reticular zone of the
hyperplasia and simple hair follicles. In normal dogs, the
surface of the skin of this area may be yellow
Epidemiology and waxy from the abundant secretions of
SPECIES, AGE, SEX
• Middle-aged to older dogs are affected.
Intact males are overrepresented due to
the hormonal link to the disease. However,
other causes may induce hyperplasia of
the hepatoid glands in neutered males and
females (e.g., hyperadrenocorticism).
• In cats, tail glands consist of numerous,
large sebaceous glands that run the entire
length of the dorsal surface of the tail. Excess
accumulation of glandular secretion in this
area is referred to stud tail. It can also occur
in females and neutered males.

GENETICS, BREED PREDISPOSITION
Perianal gland hyperplasia: blue tick coonhound,
Samoyed, Husky, Pekingese, and cocker spaniel
are 2 to 5 times more likely than other breeds
to develop the disease.
RISK FACTORS
Intact males, androgen-producing tumors (e.g.,
Leydig cell tumors)
ASSOCIATED DISORDERS PERIANAL GLAND HYPERPLASIA Perianal gland
hyperplasia in an intact male golden retriever. Note the
• Perianal gland adenoma small nodule (adenoma) on the right upper quadrant
• Pyoderma (uncommon) of the anus and the keratoseborrheic material and PERIANAL GLAND HYPERPLASIA Perianal gland
• Hyperadrenocorticism (rare) comedones. (Courtesy Dr. Manon Paradis.) hyperplasia in an intact male blue tick coonhound.
Clinical Presentation
HISTORY, CHIEF COMPLAINT
• Reason for presentation can be skin lesions
(alopecia ± greasiness) restricted to the
dorsoproximal surface of the tail and/or
swelling of the perianal area.
• Lesions may be an incidental finding during
routine exam.

PHYSICAL EXAM FINDINGS
Tail gland hyperplasia:
• Oval, thickened, hypotrichotic/alopecic area
on the proximal and dorsal surface of the tail.
The skin of the area may be greasy, scaly, and
hyperpigmented. Pustules and crusts may be
observed in secondary infection.
Perianal gland hyperplasia:
• Anus has a donut appearance. TAIL GLAND HYPERPLASIA Tail gland hyperplasia in an intact male Labrador retriever. Note the oval
• Perianal comedones alopecic area on the proximal dorsal tail. (Courtesy Dr. Ana Milena Carmona Gil.)

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