Page 2063 - Cote clinical veterinary advisor dogs and cats 4th

1031.e4 Vasculitis

PROGNOSIS & OUTCOME Client Education Isakow K, et al: Video-assisted thoracoscopic division
Although the prognosis is good for most of the ligamentum arteriosum in two dogs with
persistent right aortic arch. J Am Vet Med Assoc
VetBooks.ir surgery, severity of malnourishment, pres- about the potential for continued esophageal Kyles AE: Esophagus. In Slatter DH, editor: Text-
dogs after surgical therapy, counsel owners
• Prognosis depends on age at the time of
217:1333-1336, 2000.
ence of aspiration pneumonia, and degree
dysfunction.
book of small animal surgery, Philadelphia, 2003,
of esophageal constriction.
Saunders, p 577.
• Six months after surgery, the majority (92%) SUGGESTED READING Muldoon MM, et al: Long-term results of surgical
of dogs do not regurgitate, and the remainder Buchanan JW: Tracheal signs and associated vascular correction of persistent right aortic arch in dogs:
regurgitate only occasionally. anomalies in dogs with persistent right aortic arch. 25 cases (1980-1995). J Am Vet Med Assoc
J Vet Intern Med 18:510-514, 2004. 210:1761-1763, 1997.
PEARLS & CONSIDERATIONS Tremolada G, et al: Persistent right aortic arch and
ADDITIONAL SUGGESTED associated axial skeletal malformations in cats. J
Comments READINGS Fel Med Surg 15:68-73, 2012.
• A barium study is seldom necessary if Buchanan JW: Embryogenesis of the aortic arches
radiographs reveal a leftward deviation of and associated abnormalities (website). http://cal. RELATED CLIENT EDUCATION
the trachea near the cranial border of the vet.upenn.edu/projects/cardiosf/project/embprs/ SHEETS
heart on the DV or VD view. This finding embprs1.htm.
reliably differentiates dogs with vascular Case JB: Advances in video-assisted thoracic surgery, How to Count Respirations and Monitor
ring anomalies from dogs with generalized thoracoscopy. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract Respiratory Effort
megaesophagus. 46:147-169, 2015. How to Provide Elevated Feedings
• Intraoperative balloon dilation of the esopha- Dundie A, et al: Use of 3D printer technology to How to Provide Home Respiratory Therapy
facilitate surgical correction of a complex vascular
gus is helpful to remove constricting fibrous anomaly with esophageal entrapment in a dog. J (Humidification, Nebulization, Coupage)
bands after the ring has been resected. Vet Cardiol 19:196-204, 2017. How to Use and Care for an Indwelling Feeding
Helphrey ML: Vascular ring anomalies in the dog. Tube
Technician Tips Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 9:207-218, Megaesophagus
Oral passage of a stomach tube into the 1979. Pneumonia
esophagus by an assistant during surgery can Henjes CR, et al: Multidetector-row computed AUTHORS: Darcy B. Adin, DVM, DACVIM; Christopher
help locate the stricture and facilitates dissection tomography of thoracic aortic anomalies in dogs A. Adin, DVM, DACVS
around the esophagus. and cats: patent ductus arteriosus and vascular rings. EDITOR: Meg M. Sleeper, VMD, DACVIM
BMC Vet Res 7:57, 2011.

Vasculitis

BASIC INFORMATION RISK FACTORS GEOGRAPHY AND SEASONALITY
• Dogs: infections, drug exposure, vaccination, Regional and seasonal variation due to vectors of
Definition blood component transfusions (e.g., human disease (e.g., RMSF) and likelihood of exposure
Vasculitis is an uncommon pathologic syndrome albumin), flea bite or food hypersensitivity, to other cats and dogs
of inflammation and necrosis of the blood breed-related syndromes
vessel wall, characterized by purpura, edema, ○ Infectious diseases, including Rocky ASSOCIATED DISORDERS
necrosis, and ulceration that often involve Mountain spotted fever (RMSF), Multisystemic clinical signs (uncommonly
the extremities. Vasculitis may be limited to leptospirosis, babesiosis, bartonellosis, reported): anemia, thrombocytopenia, hypo-
the skin or may be systemic. Vasculitis can be ehrlichiosis, bacteremia, coronavirus, albuminemia, polyarthropathy, myopathy,
caused by infection, drug reaction, neoplasia, parvovirus, leishmaniosis, dirofilariasis, neuropathy, hepatopathy
or immune-mediated disorders, or it may be sarcocystosis, staphylococcal hypersensitiv- Clinical Presentation
idiopathic. ity, Angiostrongylus vasorum, circovirus
○ Drugs, including antibiotics (sulfa drugs, DISEASE FORMS/SUBTYPES
Synonyms penicillin, cephalosporins), ivermectin, • Cutaneous vasculitis is more common than
Inflammatory vasculopathy, angiitis metronidazole, phenobarbital, furosemide, systemic vasculitis.
itraconazole, phenylbutazone, enalapril, • Vasculitis is often secondary. A careful
Epidemiology Imodium, metoclopramide, fenbendazole, history, including recent medications and
SPECIES, AGE, SEX meloxicam, acepromazine, allopurinol, vaccinations and exposure to ectoparasites,
Uncommon in dogs, rare in cats various vaccines is critical.
• Cats: infectious diseases (feline infectious • Primary vasculitis is diagnosed by exclusion.
GENETICS, BREED PREDISPOSITION peritonitis [FIP], feline leukemia virus
Dogs: Jack Russell terriers, Scottish terriers, [FeLV], feline immunodeficiency virus HISTORY, CHIEF COMPLAINT
German shepherds, greyhounds (cutane- [FIV]), drug exposure, vaccination Nonspecific complaints (e.g., lethargy, inap-
ous and renal vasculopathy), dachshunds, petence) are common. Inquire about any
rottweilers, beagles (rare: juvenile polyar- CONTAGION AND ZOONOSIS medications/vaccinations, ectoparasites during
teritis syndrome [JPS], primary polyar- • Dogs: circovirus, coronavirus, parvovirus, past 3 months.
teritis). Poodles, Maltese, and Bichon frisé are leishmaniosis (potential zoonosis) • Bruising
reported to experience vaccine reactions more • Cats: FIP, FeLV, FIV • Erythema, plaques, papules/pustules, necrosis/
commonly. ulcers

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