Page 2079 - Cote clinical veterinary advisor dogs and cats 4th

Viral Respiratory Disease 1039.e3

• Viral isolation is the gold standard but rarely • Feeding tubes (nasoesophageal for short-term Client Education
performed. feeding) • Follow recommended vaccination schedules,
VetBooks.ir presentation. Possible Complications • Close contact with pets while the owner Diseases and Disorders
especially if boarding or other animal expo-
• Other diagnostics vary by clinical
sures are likely.
○ Conjunctival scrape (e.g., confirm CDV;
• Pneumonia
rule out C. felis)
○ Serologic titers (e.g., confirm CDV, • Chronic corneal cultures (FHV) suffers influenza should be avoided to further
• Chronic gingivostomatitis (FCV)
reduce the very small risk of interspecies
influenza; rule out Cryptococcus); must • Chronic sequela related to CDV (p. 271) transmission.
consider vaccine status when antibody
titers performed PROGNOSIS & OUTCOME SUGGESTED READING
Lappin MR, et al: Antimicrobial use guidelines for
TREATMENT Viral upper respiratory infections are typically treatment of respiratory tract disease in dogs and
self-limited and have a good prognosis for cats: Antimicrobial Guidelines Working Group of
Treatment Overview complete recovery. Some feline upper respira- the International Society for Companion Animal
Treatment is generally supportive. Isolation tory viral infections (FHV, FCV) can lead to Infectious Diseases. J Vet Intern Med 31:279, 2017.
from other dogs/cats is important to prevent chronic complications that may be difficult to
disease transmission from the patient to unin- control or may be associated with intermittent ADDITIONAL SUGGESTED
fected animals and to prevent transmission of disease relapses. Viral pneumonia or bacterial READINGS
additional pathogens to the debilitated patient. pneumonia secondary to viral infection carries Ballin AC, et al: Limited efficacy of topical recom-
Unless pneumonia necessitates hospitalization, a more guarded prognosis but many animals binant feline interferon-omega for treatment of
outpatient treatment is preferred. recover completely. The prognosis is worse for cats with acute upper respiratory viral disease. Vet
CDV (guarded) and FIP (grave). J 202:466, 2014.
Acute General Treatment Litster A, et al: Detection of feline upper respira-
Dogs: PEARLS & CONSIDERATIONS tory tract disease pathogens using a commercially
available real-time PCR test. Vet J 206:149, 2015.
• If cough is severe and nonproductive with McManus CM, et al: Prevalence of upper respira-
no evidence of pneumonia, consider cough Comments tory pathogens in four management models for
suppressants. • In an outbreak investigation, sample at least unowned cats in the Southeast United States. Vet
• Secondary bacterial pneumonia requires 3-5 animals as early in the disease course as J 201:196, 2014.
antimicrobial therapy ideally guided by possible; necropsy any animals that succumb. Parrish CR, et al: Influenza virus reservoirs and
culture and sensitivity (p. 795). • Vaccination against respiratory pathogens intermediate hosts: dogs, horses, and new pos-
• If B. bronchiseptica or M. cynos co-infection may reduce severity of disease caused by sibilities for influenza virus exposure of humans.
is deemed likely, doxycycline 5 mg/kg PO unrelated respiratory pathogens, likely by J Virol 89:2990, 2015.
q 12h or 10 mg/kg PO q 24h may be con- reducing multiple pathogen infections. Priestnall SL, et al: New and emerging pathogens
in canine infectious respiratory disease. Vet Pathol
sidered. However, antibiotics do not address • No role has been demonstrated for steroids 51:492, 2014.
viral infection, and indiscriminant use may for most viral respiratory infections (FIP Schulz BS, et al: Detection of respiratory viruses
promote antimicrobial drug resistance. pneumonia is an exception) and Bordetella bronchiseptica in dogs with acute
Cats: • Antiinfluenza drugs (e.g., oseltamivir) are respiratory tract infections. Vet J 201:365, 2014.
• Airway humidification and nebulization not indicated in pets. Schulz C, et al: Sampling sites for detection of feline
• Topical and systemic antiviral drugs for FHV • Virulent systemic FCV can cause life- herpesvirus-1, feline calicivirus and Chlamydia felis
ocular disease (see relevant chapters) threatening vasculitis but is rare (p. 141). in cats with feline upper respiratory tract disease.
• If fever, lethargy, or anorexia accompany J Feline Med Surg 17:1012, 2015.
substantial mucopurulent nasal discharge Prevention
suggestive of secondary bacterial rhinitis, • Maintain excellent air quality and sanitation RELATED CLIENT EDUCATION
antibiotics may be used (doxycycline 5 mg/kg in crowded animal facilities such as shelters SHEETS
PO q 12h or 10 mg/kg PO q 24h; amoxicil- and kennels
lin 22 mg/kg PO q 12h) • Isolate animals demonstrating respiratory Canine Infectious Respiratory Disease Complex
Both species: signs from other animals. (Kennel Cough)
• Excellent nursing care, including clearing • Vaccines exist for many viral respiratory Consent to Administer Vaccinations, Canine
nasal/ocular secretions pathogens. Consent to Administer Vaccinations, Feline
• Ensure adequate oxygenation if pneumonia ○ Dogs: CDV (core), CAV-2 (core), cPIV Consent to Perform Bronchoalveolar Lavage
present. (conditional), influenza virus (conditional) (BAL)
• Ensure adequate hydration using SQ or IV ○ Cats: FHV (core), FCV (core) Feline Infectious Peritonitis
fluids if needed. Pneumonia
Technician Tips
Chronic Treatment Ask pet owners about potential exposure to AUTHOR: Leah A. Cohn, DVM, PhD, DACVIM
Chronic ocular disease related to FHV may other dogs/cats in the weeks before onset of EDITOR: Megan Grobman, DVM, MS, DACVIM
require long-term therapy (pp. 208 and 464). respiratory signs.

Nutrition/Diet
Ensure adequate nutrition.
• Enticing (warmed, moist) foods
• Appetite stimulants (e.g., mirtazapine)

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